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Date  Due 


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1  9  1991 


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4-jm 


The  nursery 


THE  ORCHARD. 


A  Praciical  Treatise  on  Fruit  Culture. 


n>LUSTRATED. 


By  S.  W.  Peek, 


PROPRrEMOR  HARTH'ELL  NURSERIES,   HaRTWELL,  GEORGIA. 


Atlanta,  Ga 

J  AS,  P.  Hai-.bison  &  Co.,  Printers  and  Publlshbbs. 

1885. 


INDEX. 


A 

Page. 

Annular  Budding 25 

Apple 93 

Apricot 110 

B 

Blackberry 114 

Borers 88 

Apple 90 

Peach 88 

Budding , 20 

C 

Canning  Fruit 79 

Caterpillar 91 

Cherry 116 

Codling  Moth 90 

Crossing  and  Hybridizing 70 

Cultivation 62 

Curcuho. 87 

Currant  123 

Cuttings 43 

D 

Distances  for  Trees 52 

Dwarf  Tree? 83 


PROPERTY  OF 
A.f56  E.  COLLECS^ 


6  INDEX. 

E 

Evaporating  Fruit .• 79 

F 

Fig 126 

G 

Gooseberi-)' 128 

Grafting,  Wax  and  Clay 36 

Grape 130 

Grape  Wine 143 

Grafting 26 

By  Approach 39 

Cleft 28 

Espalier 42 

Forks  prevented  from  splitting 40 

Forming  Letters 43 

Grafting  the  Grape 139 

New  Heads  on  Old  Trees 33 

Objects  of 26 

Saddle : 31 

Side  Cleft 31 

Suppljdng  New  Koots 40 

Whip 35 

L 

Labeling 57 

Layers 45 

Laying  Out  Orchards 50 

LeContePear 173 

M 

Mulberiy 153 

Mnlchiiig 59 


INDEX.  7 

N 

Nectarine 155 

O 

Orange 158 

P 

Parts  of  Trees 9 

Peach 159 

Pear 171 

Pecan  Nut 182 

Plum 186 

Pomegranate 192 

Preserving  Cuttings 82 

Process  of  Growing 10 

Pruning 63 

Q 

Quince 193 

R 

Raspberry 196 

Renovating  Old  Orchards ^ 80 

S 

Saving  Girdled  Trees 74 

Seed  and  Seedlings 14 

Strawberry 202 

Succession  of  Fruits 60 

T 

Thinning  and  Gathering  Fruit 77 

Transplanting 53 

W, 

Wash  for  Fruit  Trees 76 


■ 


CHAPTER  L 

THE  PARTS  OF  TREES  AND  THEIR 
FUNCTIONS. 

A  tree  is  a  living  body,  composed  of  various  parts, 
which  have  certain  functions  to  perform;  and  in  order 
that  it  may  be  managed  intelligently  and  successfully, 


Fig.  1. 
it  is  necessary  that  the  manner  in  which  these  offices  are 
performed,  and  their  eflfects  upon  the  tree,  be  thoroughly 
understood. 

The  organs  of  vegetation  of  a  plant  are  root,  stem  and 
leaves,  the  first  two  of  which  are  shown  in  figure  1.    The 


10         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

root  is  the  portion  which  takes  nourishment  from  the 
soil  and  gives  it  to  the  plant.  It  is  composed  of  the  main 
or  tap  root,  A,  its  laterals,  B,  and  the  rootlets  or  fibres, 
C,  C.  It  also  has  a  large  number  of  exceedingly  minute 
root  hairs,  not  visible  to  the  unaided  e3'^e,  which  absorb 
moisture  very  rapidly.  The  old  portions  of  roots  that 
are  covered  with  hard  bark  imbibe  very  little.  Trees 
that  naturally  have  very  long  tap  roots  are  made  to  throw 
out  laterals,  thus  inducing  more  rapid  growth  and  greater 
fruitfulness,  by  shortening  the  tap  root,  which  checks 
the  growth  at  its  extremity. 

In  taking  up  trees,  as  it  is  usually  done,  the  most  of  the 
smaller  roots  are  destroyed,  and  unless  circumstances  are 
favorable  and  the  tree  has  sufficient  vitality  to  re-pro- 
duce them,  growth  cannot  follow,  and  the  tree  dies- 
Hence,  it  is  necessary  to  successful  transplanting  that 
the  roots  be  injured  as  little  as  possible. 

The  collar  is  the  point  of  union  between  root  andstem^ 
just  beneath  the  surface  (D,fig.  1.)  The  stem  is  the  part 
above  the  collar  that  sustains  the  branches.  Both  stem 
and  branches  are  composed  of  an  outer  and  inner  layer 
of  bark,  sap  wood,  perfect  wood  and  pith.  Buds  are 
formed  on  the  tree,  some  of  which  develop  into  leaves 
and  aid  in  its  growth. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  GROWING. 

The  cells  of  the  roots  charge  themselves  with  moisture 
from  the  soil,  which  is  carried  up  through  the  sap  wood 
until  it  reaches  the  leaves.  Here,  under  the  influence  of 
the  sun,  it  passes  through  important  modifications  and 
descends  through  the  inner  bark,  depositing  a  layer  of 


THE  PARTS  OF  TREES  AND  THEIR  FUNCTIONS.    11 

cambium,  the  most  of  which,  when  hardened,  forms  a 
layer  of  new  wood,  a  small  portion  being  converted  into 
bark.  This  process  is  kept  up  during  the  season,  and  in 
many  instances  during  the  successive  years  of  a  long  pe- 
riod, depositing  more  or  less  wood  each  year,  according  to 
the  species  and  condition  of  the  tree. 

It  is  an  easy  matter  to  determine  the  age  of  a  tree  by 
counting  the  layers  or  rings  in  a  crossjsection  of  the  stem, 
each  of  which  represents  a  year's  growth.     (See  fig.  2.) 


Fig.  2. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  process  of  growth  that  the  roots 
and  stem  are  mutually  dependent  upon  each  other,  and 
that  the  success  of  the  tree  depends  upon  their  being  vig- 
orous and  properly  proportioned.  The  outer  bark  when 
young  performs  an  office  similar  to  that  of  the  leaves,  but 
in  some  trees  it  gradually  becomes  a  hard  substance, 
which  only  aflfords  protection  to  the  more  delicate,  under- 
lying parts.  The  heart  or  perfect  wood  adds  stability  to 
the  tree,  and  the  pith  while  young  promotes  growth  by 
retaining  moisture.  In  old  trees  the  pith  becomes  dry, 
often  disappearing  entirely,  without  any  apparent  dam- 


12 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


age.     Thus  we  see  that  all  parts  of  the  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion perform  important  offices  in  the  growth  of  trees. 

The  leaf,  which  is  so  essential  to  the  process  of  vegeta- 
tion, is  represented  in  figure  3.     It  is  composed  of  the 


frame-work  to  support  the  leaf  and  supply  it  with  sap, 
and  the  pulpy  portion,  which  is  composed  of  numerous 
cells.  By  the  aid  of  powerful  microscopes,  an  almost  in- 
credible number  of  breathing  pores  are  discovered 
on  the  leaf,  through  which  air  and  moisture  pass 
during  vegetation.  In  addition  to  the  buds,  which  de- 
velop into  leaves,  in  bearing  trees,  are  found  other  buds, 
the  object  of  which  is  not  the  growth  of  the  tree,  but  the 


Fig.  4. 


-Scick  of  buds,  showing  the  leaf  and  fruit  buds, 
double  and  triple. 


single, 


continuation  of  the  kind.  These  buds  (a  and  b,  fig.  4)  ex- 
pand into  flowers,   and,  after  passing  through  various 


THE  PARTS  OF  TREES  AND  THEIR  FUNCTIONS.    13 

stages,  develop  into  the  ripened  fruit,  containing  seeds, 
which,  under  the  proper  conditions,  will  produce  trees 
similar  to  the  one  from  which  the  bud  was  taken,  but 
not  necessarily  producing  fruit  similar  in  all  respects. 


CHAPTER  II, 


SEEDS  AND  SEEDLINGS. 

Seeds  are  ripened  ovules,  which,  under  the  proper  con- 
ditions, develop  into  plants.  They  should  be  taken  from 
plants  that  are  healthy  and  vigorous,  and  to  insure  ger- 
mination require  heat,  air  and  moisture,  but  not  light. 
The  seeds  of  fruit  trees  are  usually  planted  in  nurseries 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  stocks  to  be  budded  or  grafted. 

Apple  seeds  are  obtained  by  washing  them  from  pom- 
ace taken  from  cider  mills.  They  are  then  mixed  with 
three  or  four  times  their  bulk  of  sand,  and  kept  in  a  cool, 
shady  place  till  early  spring.  Freezing  and  thawing 
will  not  injure  them.  They  are  then  planted  in  nur- 
sery rows,  three  and  one-half  feet  apart,  in  good  soil,  at 
about  the  rate  of  one  bushel  per  acre.  For  raising  only 
a  small  number  of  seedlings,  well  ripened  apples  may  be 
broken  up  and  planted  at  once.  Some  of  the  seeds 
will  come  up  the  following  spring.  Excellent  apple 
seeds  are  obtained  from  France  and  sold  by  dealers  in  a 
dry  condition.  They  are  prepared  for  planting  in  the 
spring  by  mixing  them  with  sand  and  burying  them  in 
a  hole  one  or  two  feet  deep  in  the  open  ground  in  a  layer 
a  few  inches  in  depth.  If  not  received  before  February 
the  seeds  should  be  soaked  in  water  a  day  or  two  before 
being  buried.  The  hole  is  then  covered  securely  with 
boards,  and  dirt  placed  on  them  a  little  higher  than  the 
surrounding  surface.    This  is  one  of  the  numerous  meth- 


SEEDS   AND   SEEDLINGS.  15 

ods  of  managing  dry  apple  seeds.  Success  with  fruit  tree 
seeds  of  any  kind  is  more  certain  if  they  are  not  allowed 
to  become  dry.  As  soon  as  the  buried  seeds  show  signs 
of  sprouting  (fig.  5)  they  are  taken  up    and  planted. 


Fig.  5.— Apple  Seed  and  Young  Plantlet. 

Handle  them  carefully  and  cover  lightly.  If  to  be 
grafted  where  they  grow,  leave  the  young  seedlings  about 
six  inches  apart ;  if  to  be  taken  up  and  grafted  in  the 
hand,  or  transplanted  to  obtain  another  year's  growth 
before  being  grafted,  they  can  be  left  closer  together  and 
the  rows  need  not  be  so  far  apart. 

If  well  cultivated,  the  young  seedlings  can  be  budded 
the  ensuing  summer,  or  grafted  the  following  winter  or 
spring.  Any  one  desiring  to  propagate  some  valuable 
apples  at  once,  and  not  having  the  stocks,  can  obtain 
them  at  very  low  prices  from  most  nurserymen.  The 
seeds  from  our  native  crabs  make  hardy  stocks.     A  few 


16  THE   NURSERY   AND   THE   ORCH^BT). 

ounces  of  seed  obtained  from  a  reliable  seedman  and 
treated  as  directed  in  tbis  cbapter  will  produce  enough 
seedlings  for  an  experiment  which  will  usually  result  in 
the  production  of  a  number  of  first-class  trees.  Seedlings 
of  all  kinds  require  careful  cultivation  to  insure  a  vigor- 
ous growth  the  first  year.  Healthy  trees  cannot  be  ob- 
tained from  diseased  seedlings. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  Best  Peach  Seeds  are  obtained  from 
the  sound,  ripe  fruit  of  seedling  trees,  called  natural,  as 
distinguished  from  the  seeds  of  budded  and  grafted  trees. 
It  is  true,  however,  that  the  perfect  seeds  of  strong^ 
healthy  budded  or  grafted  trees  produce  seedlings  on 
which  excellent  trees  are  grown. 

The  seeds  of  the  very  early  varieties  are  imperfect  and 
will  not  germinate  when  planted.  Do  not  allow  peach 
seeds  to  become  dry ;  but  as  soon  as  gathered  place  them 
in  a  box  or  barrel  mixed  with  dirt  and  leave  exposed  to 
the  weather.  Plant  early  in  the  fall,  in  moderately  rich 
soil.  Land  that  will  produce  one-half  a  bale  of  cotton 
per  acre  without  manure  is  rich  enough.  It  is  a  good 
plan  to  sow  peas  on  the  ground  intended  for  peach  seeds 
and  turn  under  in  the  fall.  Prepare  the  land  the  same  as 
for  cotton,  and  plant  the  seeds  two  or  three  inches  apart 
in  rows  three  and  one-half  feet  distant.  Cover  two  or 
three  inches  deep. 

If  too  thick  when  they  come  up  in  the  spring,  thin  out 
the  young  seedlings  to  five  or  six  inches  apart. 

If  seeds  become  dry  and  are  not  planted  till  spring, 
they  should  be  cracked  before  planting.  When  scarce,  it 
is  a  good  plan  to  spread  the  seeds  out  on  a  smooth  piece 
of  ground  in  a  layer  a  few  inches  deep,  with  a  covering 
of  three  or  four  inches  of  sand.     When   exposed  in  this 


SEEDS   AND    SEEDLINGS.  17 

manner  to  the  freezes  of  winter  they  begin  to  sprout 
early  in  the  spring.  They  are  then  taken  up  and  sifted 
to  separate  them  from  the  sand. 

All  that  are  sprouted  are  planted  at  the  distance  the 
seedlings  are  desired  to  stand — from  five  to  twelve 
inches,  according  to  soil.  The  seeds  that  show  no 
signs  of  sprouting  are  put  back  into  the  bed  to  remain  a 
few  days.  By  repeating  this  process  several  times  the 
most  of  the  seeds  that  would  come  up  the  first  year  can 
be  separated  from  the  others  and  planted.  In  this  way  a 
regular  stand  will  be  obtained.  If  planted  in  the  fall 
there  will  be  some  irregularity.  Seeds  can  be  kept  in 
good  condition  from  summer  till  fall  in  a  dry  cellar  mix- 
ed with  dirt.  If  from  any  cause  the  seeds  cannot  be  plant- 
ed early  in  the  spring,  sprouting  may  be  retarded  by 
burying  them  deep  in  the  ground.  Peach  seeds  from  the 
North  should  be  avoided,  as  the  yellows,  a  fatal  disease, 
prevails  in  some  sections  of  the  Northern  States.  Small 
quantities  of  peach  seedlings  may  be  obtained  in  spring 
by  transplanting  to  nursery  rows,  the  volunteers  found 
under  bearing  trees,  when  one  or  two  inches  high. 

If  the  ground  is  moderately  fertile  and  the  seedlings 
are  well  cultivated  they  will  be  large  enough  to  bud  the 
summer  after  planting ;  if  to  be  grafted,  it  is  done 
the  following  spring.  Small  peach  seedlings  can  be 
taken  up  and  grafted  in  the  hand  the  same  as  apples, 
but  they  do  not  succeed  so  well.  (See  chapter  on  Whip 
Grafting.)     Peaches  are  usually  budded  at  the  North. 

Plum  and  almond  seedlings  are  used  to  some  extent  as 
stocks  for  peaches ;  but  on  most  soils  the  peach  succeeds 
best  in  the  United  States,  when  budded  or  grafted  on  its 
own  roots.     The  best  soil  for  the  peach  is  a  good  sandy 


18  THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

loam — the  worst  a  stiff  clay.  The  trees  are  usually- 
planted  in  the  orchard  when  one  year  old  from  the  bud 
or  graft.  They  are  sometimes  budded  very  early  in  the 
summer  and  transplanted  when  only  one  year  from  the 
seed.     These  are  known  as  June  buds. 

Fear  Seeds  are  obtained  and  planted  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  apple  seeds,  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  man- 
aging them  successfully  in  this  country,  large  quantities 
of  both  seeds  and  seedlings  are  brought  from  France. 
Persons  desiring  to  raise  a  few  pears  for  their  own  plant- 
ing can  obtain  French  seedlings  from  nurserymen  in 
this  country,  which  can  be  budded  or  grafted  after  re- 
ceiving one  or  two  years'  careful  cultivation  in  deep,  rich 
soil. 

Plum  and  cherry  seeds  are  treated  in  the  same  way 
as  the  seeds  of  the  peach. 


CHAPTER  III. 


PROPAGATION  OF  VARIETIES. 

Living  at  an  age  when  thousands  of  choice  varieties 
of  fruits  are  in  cultivation,  we  perhaps  do  not  properly 
appreciate  the  labors  of  the  pomologists,  who,  by 
making  it  a  life  work,  have  transformed  the  insipid 
peach,  the  sour  crab  and  the  wild  and  worthless  pear  into 
the  luscious  fruits  that  we  now  have  in  our  orchards  and 
fruit  gardens.  A  great  deal  of  pleasure  can  be  derived 
from  the  attention  and  constant  watch-care  which  it  is 
necessary  to  bestow  upon  plants  in  order  to  produce  val- 
uable new  varieties;  but  what  most  interests  the  ordi- 
nary farmer  and  fruit  grower  is  to  know  what  varieties 
of  fruit,  already  in  existence,  are  best  adapted  to  his 
climate  and  his  soil,  and  to  understand  the  methods  by 
which  they  are  propagated.  After  a  new  and  choice 
variety  has  been  obtained,  though  at  first  but  a  single 
tree  or  plant,  it  may,  in  a  short  lime,  be  greatly  mul- 
tiplied bx  budding,  grafting,  layers,  suckers  or  cut- 
tings. Of  these  methods,  budding  and  grafting  are  used 
principally  for  the  propagation  of  fruit  trees.  They  in- 
volve the  same  principles,  produce  like  results  and  con- 
sist simply  in  the  insertion  of  a  bud,  or  stick  of  buds, 
of  one  tree  into  another  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause 
a  union  between  the  two,  the  consequent  growth  re- 
sulting in  a  new  compound. 


20 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


BUDDING. 

Budding  is  the  process  of  producing  a  tree  from  a  single 
bud  which  will  bear  fruit  like  that  of  the  tree  from  which 
the  bud  is  taken.  It  is  performed  during  the  season  of 
growth — from  June  till  October,  according  to  the  climate 
and  the  habits  of  the  tree.  Young  stocks  are  usually- 
budded  during  the  summer  after  planting,  at  any  time 
when  the  bark  of  the  stock  can  be  raised  easily,  and  the 
buds  of  the  variety  it  is  desired  to  propagate  are  suffi- 
ciently matured,  which  is  usually  determined  by  the 
perfect  formation  of  the  bud  on  the  end  of  the  shoot.  An 
excellent  time  for  budding  is  soon  after  a  rain  when  the 
trees  are  growing  vigorously.  The  only  implements 
necessary  are  a  knife  for  trimming  up  the  stocks,  and  a 
budding  knife  with  a  thin  sharp  blade  (^fig.  6),  for  mak- 


Fig.  6. 

ing  the  incision  in  the  bark  and  cutting  ofif  the  bud. 
Some  budding  knives  have  an  ivory  handle,  very  thin  at 
the  end,  which  is  used  to  raise  the  bark  of  the  stock  for 


the  insertion  of  the  bud.  To  obtain  buds,  shoots  of  the 
present  year's  growth  are  taken  from  trees  of  the  variety 
it  is  desired  to  propagate,  and  the  leaves  all  cut  away. 


BUDDING 


21 


Half  an  inch  of  the  leafstalk  is  left  for  convenience  in 
handling.  The  undeveloped  buds  on  both  ends  of  the 
shoots  are  cut  off,  and  we  then  have  a  stick  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  shoots  (Jig.  7),  which  can  be  used  at  once,  or 
packed  away  in  damp  cloth  or  moss  to  remain  a  few 
days. 

Success  is  more  certain  when  they  are  used  soon  after 
they  are  cut  from  the  tree.  If  the  stock  has  limbs  near 
the  ground  they  are  cut  away  and  a  smooth  portion  of 
bark  selected  where  the  bud  is  to  be  inserted,  usually  on 


Fig.  8.— A  row  of  buds  as  they  appear  after  the  trees  have  been 
cut  off— budding  carelessly  done. 


the  north  side,  from  two  to  four  inches  from  the  ground. 
With  the  budding  knife,  make  an  upright  incision  in  the 


Fig.  9. — A  row  of  trees  budded  by  a  careful  hand. 

bark  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  a  cut  at  right  angles 
across  the  top,  the  whole  resembling  the  letter  T  (fig. 
10).     The  bark  is  then  slightly  raised  (Jig.  11.) 

Take  the  stick  of  buds  in  the  left  hand,  and  with  the 
budding  knife  cut  off  a  thin  slice  of  bark,  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  having  a  bud  and  a  small  portion  of  wood 
attached  (figs.  12  to  14).    It  is  then  pushed  carefully 


22 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


Fig.  10. — T-shaped  incision 
made  in  bark. 


Fig.  11.  -  Bark  slightly  raised 
for  insertion  of  buds. 


under  the  bark  of  the  stock  (fig.   15),  and  if  the  top 
reaches  above  the  incision  it  is  cut  off  so  as  to  make  a 


Figs.  12  to  14. — Manner  of  cutting  off  buds  (14),  a  perfect  bud 
after  being  taken  off  the  limb  (12),  and  one  destroyed  (13.) 


complete  fit.  Strips  of  bass  bark,  which  can  be  obtained 
from  dealers  in  nurserymen's  supplies,  are  used  for  tying, 
so  applied  as  to  cover  the  entire  wound,  leaving  only  the 
bud  exposed  {fig.  16).  Good  bandages  are  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  poplar  tree  by  soaking  it  in  water  until 
the  fibrous  inner  bark  can  be  separated  from  the  outer.  It 


BUDDING. 


25 


is  then  torn  into  thin  narrow  strips  to  be  used  as  needed. 
The  bandages  are  softened  before  use  by  thorough  wet- 
ting. They  must  be  tied  sufl&ciently  tight  to  exert  a 
moderate  pressure  without  injuring  the  bark.  If  the 
operation  is  successful,  the  leaf  stalk  will  drop  off  in  a 
few  days,  the  bud  presenting  a  fresh,  plump  appearance. 
If  the  stocks  are  growing  freely,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
loosen  the  bandages  in  ten  to  fifteen  days.  In  a  month's 
time  they  may  be  removed  entirely. 

Buds    usually    remain    dormant    till    the   following 


Fig.  15.— Bud  inserted. 


Fig.  16.— Tying. 


spring,  but  if  the  stock  is  cut  off  several  inches  above  the 
bud,  soon  after  it  has  taken,  and  all  other  buds  and  shoots 
are  kept  rubbed  off,  it  will  make  a  ver}--  good  growth 
during  the  first  season.  If  well  grown  stocks  are  budded 
early  in  June,  and  cut  off  as  suggested  above,  they  will 
make  perfect  little  trees  by  fall,  and  can  be  taken  up  with 
the  roots  almost  entire,  and  when  planted  in  the  orchard 
often  bear  as  early  as  much  older  trees  set  out  at  the 
same  time.  When  buds  are  desired  very  early  their  ma- 
turity can  be  hastened  by  pinching  off  the  ends  of  the 


24 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


shoots.  It  is  the  general  practice,  however,  not  to  cut 
oflf  the  stocks  till  the  spring  after  budding,  just  as  the 
buds  begin  to  swell.  They  are  then  cut  two  or  three 
inches  above  the  bud,  which  is  at  once  pushed  into  vig- 
orous growth,  and  when  a  few  inches  high  should  be  tied 
to  the  stump  to  prevent  its  being  broken  by  the  wind, 
and  to   induce   an   upright   growth  {fig.  17).     About  a 


Fig  17.— The  young  shoot  tied. 


month  later  the  stump  of  the  stock  is  cut  down  close  to 
the  bud,  as  represented  by  the  small  line  ( fig  17).  Some 
nurserj'men  do  not  practice  tying  up  the  young  shoot. 
All  sprouts  that  appear  above  or  below  the  bud  must  be 
kept  rubbed  off. 

In  the  first  or  second  fall  after  budding,  the  tree  will  be 
large  enough  to  plant  in  the  orchard.  5"id  will  bear  fruit 


BUDDING.  25 

like  that  of  the  tree  from  which  the  bud  was  taken. 
That  the  operation  may  be  successful,  wood  buds  must 
always  be  selected.  If  fruit  buds  are  used,  they  will 
bloom,  but  will  not  make  any  growth.  There  are  three 
classes  of  buds :  single,  double  and  triple,  but  the  single 
are  used  chiefly.  The  wood  buds  are  easily  distinguished 
by  their  being  rather  slender  and  pointed  (c,^gr.  4),  while 
the  fruit  buds  are  of  a  fuller  and  more  rounded  form  (a 
and  b  fig.  4).  Double  and  triple  buds  are  found  princi- 
pally in  the  stone  fruits.  The  latter  are  numerous  in  the 
peach,  the  middle  one  always  being  a  wood  bud  (d,  fig.  4),. 
The  fruit  buds  of  the  peach  are  formed  one  year  and 
bloom  the  next;  hence,  both  wood  and  fruit  buds  are 
found  on  the  same  shoot  of  the  current  year's  growth;: 
but  on  the  new  wood  of  the  apple  and  the  pear  are 
usually  found  wood  buds  only.    Fig.  18  represents  another 


Fig.  18. 

method  called  annular  budding,  sometimes  applied  tO' 
trees  with  very  thick  bark.  The  figure  is  suflScient  ex- 
planation of  the  process.  Girdled  trees  are  sometimes 
restored  in  this  way.  Budding  and  grafting  both  have 
their  special  advantages.  The  former  is  done  at  a  more 
convenient  season,  and  can  be  repeated  on  stocks  that 
have  not  taken  from  the  first  operation ;  the  latter  may 
be  applied  to  trees  on  which  budding  has  failed,  and 
grafted  trees  require  less  attention  after  the  operation  is 
performed  than  those  that  are  budded. 


26         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

GRAFTING. 

The  propagation  of  fruit  trees  by  grafting  has  been 
practiced  for  a  long  period,  and  various  methods  have 
been  employed ;  but  as  a  few  of  the  most  useful  and 
practical,  with  slight  variations,  will  be  found  sufl&cient 
for  most  purposes,  such  methods  only  will  be  described 
in  this  work.  The  process  of  grafting  is  so  simple,  and 
the  various  results  obtained  from  its  application  so  satis- 
factory, that  every  owner  of  fruit  trees  should  under- 
stand it  perfectl3^  There  is  very  little  mystery  con- 
nected with  the  operation,  and  almost  any  person  can, 
in  a  short  time,  learn  to  graft  successfully. 

The  principal  object  of  budding  and  grafting  is  to 
propagate  certain  varieties  which  do  not  reproduce 
themselves  from  seed;  but  they  are  also  used  for  the 
following  other  purposes : 

Dwarf  Trees. — By  grafting  a  scion  from  one  tree  into 
another  of  less  vigorous  growth,  the  size  is  reduced,  and 
bearing  hastened,  as  in  the  case  of  the  pear  on  the 
quince,  making  dwarf  pear  trees. 

Testing  New  Varieties. — A  new  variety  grafted  on  the 
limb  of  a  bearing  tree  will  often  produce  fruit  the 
second  year,  while,  if  a  young  seedling  is  used  as  a 
stock,  it  may  not  bear  in  ten  years. 

Several  Kinds  on  the  Same  Tree. — Fine  specimens  of  fruit 
may  be  obtained  from  one  tree  during  several  months  of 
the  year  by  grafting  different  kinds  on  the  branches, 
or  a  worthless  kind  may  be  changed  to  one  of  fine 
quality  by  grafting  a  new  head. 

Supplying  Branches.— By  grafting,  trees  with  long 
barren  limbs  may  be  supplied  with  branches  in  all 
their  parts. 


GRAFTING.  27 

Rendering  Delicate  Kinds  Hardier. — Certain  kinds  of 
fruit  may  be  rendered  hardier,  or  protected  against 
disease  b}''  grafting  on  other  stocks,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  European  grapes  on  American  stocks  to  protect 
them  against  the  Phylloxera. 

In  order  that  grafting  may  be  successful,  several 
requisites  must  be  carefully  observed:  The  stock  and 
scion  must  be  related,  as  the  pear  on  its  own  roots,  or 
the  roots  of  the  quince,  both  of  which  are  seed  fruits ; 
or  the  plum  on  its  own  or  the  roots  of  the  peach,  both 
of  which  are  stone  fruits.  But  such  a  union  as  that  of 
the  apple  and  the  peach  cannot  be  effected. 

The  operation  must  be  performed  with  sharp  instru- 
ments to  avoid  making  rough  wounds  which  will  not 
heal  readily;  and  if  above  ground  the  wound  must  be 
protected  by  applications  of  grafting  wax  or  clay.  The 
scion  must  ^e  so  placed  in  the  stock  that  the  inner 
bark  of  the  two  will  coincide  at  least  in  one  point,  thus 
affording  a  channel  for  the  passage  of  the  sap  in  its  up- 
ward and  downward  flow,  by  means  of  which  life  is 
retained  and  growth  effected. 

The  usual  time  for  grafting  fruit  trees  is  from  Feb- 
ruary till  April,  or  just  before  the  buds  begin  to  swell, 
the  cherry,  plum  and  peach  coming  into  the  proper 
condition  first,  followed  later  by  the  pear  and  the  apple. 

The  scions  for  grafting  are  sometimes  taken  from  the 
trees  as  wanted  for  use,  but  as  it  is  better  for  the 
stocks  to  be  a  little  in  advance  of  the  scions,  the  latter 
are  usually  cut  in  the  fall  or  winter  and  kept  till  needed 
in  the  manner  recommended  in  the  chapter  on  Pre- 
serving Cuttings. 

Stocks  for  grafting   are   either  the  root  or  stem  of 


28  THE   NURSEKY   AND   THE   ORCHARD. 

plants  one  or  more  years  old,  into  which  the  scion  is 
inserted,  and  from  which  it  derives  its  nourishment. 
The  scion  is  simply  planted  in  the  stock  instead  of  the 
soil,  and  it  determines  the  nature  of  the  grafted  tree. 
It  matters  not  from  what  kind  of  a  seed  an  apple  seed- 
ling may  have  sprung,  if  a  scion  from  an  "Early  Har- 
vest" apple  is  grafted  into  it,  the  fruit  from  the  grafted 
tree  will  be  "Early  Harvest"  also. 

It  is  indispensable  to  the  vigor  of  the  future  tree- 
that  both  stock  and  scion  possess  this  quality  in  a  high 
degree. 

CLEFT  GRAFTING. 

Cleft  Grafting  is  one  of  the  most  useful  methods,  prac- 
ticed largely  at  the  South,  where  it  succeeds  even  on 
the  peach,  which  is  usually  budded  at  the  North.  It  can 
be  applied  to  stocks  of  almost  any  size,  and  is  so  sim- 
ple and  easy  that  a  ten-year-old  boy  can    readily  per- 


Fig.  19. 

form  it.  Fig.  19  represents  the  young  seedling  tree- 
which  is  to  be  grafted,  with  the  dirt  raked  away,  and 
the  top  cut  off  at  the  collar  of  the  root,  ready  to  be  split 
for  the  reception  of  the  scion,  which  is  taken  from  a 
tree  of  the   variety  it   is   desired  to  propagate.     Small 


GRAFTING.  29 

stocks  can  be  cut  off  with  a  strong,  sharp  knife,  but  if 
too  large  to  be  cut  in  this  manner,  a  fine  sharp  saw 
is  used,  and  the  top  of  the  stock  smoothed  over  with  a 
knife.  A  split  is  then  made  in  the  stock  an  inch  or 
an  inch  and  a  half  deep  by  driving  in  a  knife,  cutting 
rather  than  splitting,  the  bark. 

A  number  of  different  implements  have  been  invented, 
but  for  grafting  on  a  small  scale  a  thin-bladed  knife  of 
good  temper  for  preparing  the  scions,  and  a  larger  one 
for  cutting  the  stocks  will  be  found  suflficient. 

The  scion,  which  should  be  well  ripened  wood  of  last 
years  growth,  containing  two  or  three  buds,  is  cut  into 


Fig,  21.        Fig.  20.        Fig 


the  wedge-shape  represented  in  jig.  20,  with  the  outer  edge 
a  little  thicker,  in  order  to  secure  a  close  fit  at  this  point. 
The  stock  is  then  opened  with  some  kind  of  a  wedge 
(Jig.  21) — a  small  screwdriver  does  very  well — and  the 
scion  inserted  as  represented  in  fig.  22,  so  that  the  inner 


80         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

bark  of  the  two  will  be  together.  The  scions  are  sometimes 
set  at  a  slight  angle  (fig.  23)  so  that  the  edges  will  be  cer- 
tain to  meet  at  least  in  one  point.  Two  scions  may  be 
put  in  large  stocks.  If  both  grow,  one  is  cut  away  when 
a  few  inches  high.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  cut  the  scions  so 
as  to  leave  a  bud  on  the  wedge  part,  (fig.  20)  as  a  point 
of  union  between  the  inner  bark  of  the  two  parts  is  al- 
most certain  to  be  found  in  the  peculiar  curve  at  the  bud. 
The  dirt  is  then  raked  back  carefully  up  to  the  top  bud 
of  the  scion.  This  covering  must  not  be  so  narrow  and 
pointed  that  the  dirt  in  settling  will  leave  the  stock  ex- 
posed. If  the  stocks  are  split  in  the  direction  that  the 
rows  run,  there  will  not  be  so  much  danger  of  the  scions 
getting  dislocated  by  clods  of  dirt  in  cultivating.  The 
work  is  now  completed,  and  if  successful,  leaves  will 
soon  appear  on  the  scion.  All  shoots  except  the  one 
which  is  to  be  trained  up  for  the  future  tree,  must  be  kept 
rubbed  off  from  both  stock  and  scion,  being  careful  not  to 
move  the  scion  from  its  position.  If  well  cultivated,  the 
trees  will  usually  be  la^ge  enough  to  plant  in  the  orchard 
at  the  end  of  the  first  or  second  year  after  grafting. 

For  cleft  grafting  above  ground,  see  Grafting  New  Heads 
on  Old  Trees. 

Very  small  scions  are  generally  whip-grafted.  Pieces 
of  roots  are  often  used  as  stocks,  but  they  are  not  so  good 
as  whole  roots. 


GRAFTING. 
SADDLE  GRAFTING, 


31 


Which  is  illustrated  in  figs.  24  to  26,  is  sometimes  use- 


ful. 


Figs.  24  to  26. 


SIDE  CLEFT  GRAFTING. 


A  modification  of  cleft  grafting,  which  will  often  be 
found  useful,  is  illustrated  in  fig.  27.  It  can  be  applied 
to  seedling  stocks  which  are  standing,  to  whole  or  pieces 
of  roots  taken  up  and  grafted  in  the  hand,  and  to  stems 
or  branches  above  ground.  It  will,  perhaps,  be  found  most 
useful  in  grafting  above  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying limbs  where  they  are  wanting  on  trees.  When  the 
stock  to  be  operated  upon  is  sujaiciently  large  and  firm,  a 
sharp  chisel  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide  is  used  for 
making  the  cut.  Set  the  chisel  with  the  straight  side 
next  the  stock  and  drive  it  in  with  a  mallet  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  deep  in  the  direction  the  limbs  take 


32 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


from  the  tree.  Prepare  the  scion,  which  should  contain 
two  or  three  buds,  the  same  as  for  ordinary  cleft  grafting, 
except  that  the  edges  are  to  be  cut  the  same  thickness 
and  one  of  the  wedge-shaped  sides  left  a  little  shorter 
than  the  other.     (See  fig.  28.) 


Fig.  28. 


The  scion  is  then  placed  firmly  in  the  cut,  with  the 
shorter  beveled  side  down,  leaving  a  small  portion  of  the 
wedge  part  above  the  cut.  In  large  stocks,  if  the  opera- 
tion is  carefully  performed,  the  scion  will  be  held  firmly 
in  place  and  will  not  require  tying.  When  small  stocks 
are  grafted,  the  cuts  should  be  made  with  a  sharp  knife, 
and  it  will  be  necessary  to  tie  after  the  scion  is  inserted. 
When  performed  above  ground  the  wounds  are  protected 
by  a  coating  of  grafting  wax. 

This  method  will  be  found  useful  in 


^-  &>"? 


^--"Jo. 


GRAFTING.  33 

GRAFTING  NEW  HEADS  ON  OLD  TREES. 

There  is  scarcely  an  object  in  nature  more  pleasing  to 
the  sight  than  a  well  developed,  symmetrical  tree,  laden 
with  its  yearly  tribute  of  bright  and  luscious  fruit. 

But  quite  dififerent  is  the  efiect  produced  by  the  tree 
that  is  unproductive,  fails  to  ripen  its  fruit  in  season,  or 
yields  fruit  so  inferior  in  quality  as  to  be  utterly  worth- 
less. Still,  the  owner  of  such  trees  should  not  apply  the 
axe  to  them  at  once,  if  they  are  well  grown  and  in  a 
thrifty  condition,  as  there  is  within  easy  reach  means 
of  utilizing  the  well  developed  bodies  and  wide-spreading 
roots,  and  of  converting  the  worthless  fruit  into  a  choice 
variety  ;  but  large  trees,  which  bear  fruit  of  fair  quality, 
ehould  not  be  subjected  to  the  process,  as  it  is  some- 
times the  case  that  they  die  from  the  effects  of  having  so 
much  of  the  top  pruned  off.  Death,  however,  will  rarely 
occur  if  the  tree  is  in  a  thrifty  condition  and  the  opera- 
tion is  skillfully  performed. 

A  tree  which  is  enfeebled  from  any  cause  should  first 
be  invigorated  by  moderate  pruning  and  good  cultiva- 
tion and  manuring. 

Trees  which  are  vigorous  and  well  supplied  with  small 
branches  should  have  only  a  portion  of  their  tops  grafted 
the  first  year. 

The  remaining  portion  will  make  a  vigorous  growth 
anc"  will  be  in  good  condition  for  grafting  the  next  year. 
It  is  sometimes  best  to  leave  a  portion  to  be  grafted  the 
third  year. 

GRAFTING  NEW  TOPS  ON  OLD  TREES. 
No  limb  as  large  as  two  inches  in  diameter  should  be 
cut  if  it  can  be  avoided.    Let  the  scions  be  inserted  in 


34         THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

the  smaller  limbs,  making  an  effort  to  leave  the  tree  in 
a  symmetrical  shape. 

If  the  trees  are  well  grown,  and  have  tops  made  up 
principally  of  a  few  large  branches,  they  should  first 
have  a  portion  of  their  tops  cut  away,  which  will  induce 
a  vigorous  growth  of  young  shoots,  as  in  fig.  29.     These 


Fig.  29.— A  new  head  grafted. 

will  be  in  excellent  condition  for  grafting  when  one  or  two 
years  old.  The  scions  are  inserted  in  the  ends  of  the  limbs 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  cleft  grafting  underground. 
They  are  then  wrapped  and  waxed,  and  in  a  short  time 
begin  to  make  a  vigorous  growth.  Two  scions  should  be 
put  in  limbs  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
if  both  grow,  one  should  be  cut  away  smoothly  when  a 
few  inches  long.  All  sprouts  that  appear  near  the  grow- 
ing scion  should  be  kept  rubbed  off.  Long  barren 
branches  can  be  supplied  with  limbs  wherever  desired 
by  the  foregoing  method  of  side  cleft  grafting.  The 
proper  time  for  grafting  above  ground  is  when  the  buds 
begin  to  swell. 

The  scions  may  be  cut  from  the  trees  at  the  time  of 
grafting,  but  success  is  more  certain  if  they  are  retarded 
in  the  manner  described  in  the  chapter  on  preserving 


GRAFTING.  35 

cuttings.  As  the  grafts  gradually  enlarge,  the  wood  of 
the  old  tree  can  be  cutaway,  until  within  a  few  years 
the  entire  head  will  be  of  the  new  and  better  variety. 

GRAFTING  WAX. 

Grafting  wax,  to  be  used  for  protecting  wounds  caused 
by  grafting  above  ground,  may  be  made  by  the  following 
formula : 

3  parts  beeswax. 
2  parts  rosin. 
2  parts  tallow. 
Melt  and  work  like  candy. 

It  is  applied  to  the  wounded  surface,  so  as  to  thor- 
oughly exclude  air  and  moisture. 

GRAFTING  CLAY, 

which  is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  clay  and  horse  ma- 
nure, or  cow  dung,  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  grape  in 
preference  to  grafting  wax. 

WHIP  GRAFTING. 

This  method  is  much  practiced,  and  is  particularly 
useful  in  grafting  small  stocks,  which  are  usually  young 
seedlings  taken  up  in  the  winter  or  early  spring. 

After  they  are  cleanly  washed  and  their  tap  roots 
shortened,  they  are  cut  off  at  the  collar  of  the  root  with 
a  slope,  and  split  or  tongued,  as  shown  in  jig.  80.  The 
scion  is  then  cut  in  the  same  manner  (Jig.  31)  and  they 
are  fitted  together  as  in  fig.  32,  so  as  to  insure  a  union  of 
the  inner  bark  of  the  two  parts. 


56 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


They  are  then  wrapped  firmly  when  they  are  ready  to 
be  packed  away  in  the  cellar,  if  in  winter,  or  planted  at 
once"  if  in  early  spring. 


Fig.  30,  Fig.  31,  Fig.  32. 

A  number  of  methods  of  wrapping  are  employed — 
some  using  paper  or  thin  cotton  cloth,  waxed  and  cut 
into  narrow  strips,  while  others  prefer  cotton  warp  drawn 
through  melted  grafting  wax.  When  waxed  material  is 
used  it  is  unnecessary  to  tie.  The  operation  may  be  suc- 
cessfally  performed  without  tying  or  using  wax,  by  wrap- 
ping firmly  with  soft  cotton  strings  so  as  to  fasten  one 
end  of  the  string  as  the  wrapping  proceeds,  the  other  end 
being  looped  when  it  it  finished. 

Grafting  in  this  way  may  be  done  all  through  the  win- 
ter, the  grafts  being  packed  away  in  damp  soil,  moss  or 
sawdust  and  kept  till  spring,  but  as  it  requires  some  care 
to  maintain  the  proper  degree  of  moisture,  it  is  better, 


GRAFTING.  3T 

when  only  a  few  are  to  be  grafted,  to  wait  until  they  can 
be  planted  in  the  nursery  rows  at  once.  In  planting,  the 
graftsTmust  be  handled  very  carefully  to  prevent  dislo- 
cating'.the  scions.  The  ground  should  be  rich  and  deeply- 
plowed.  Plant  the  grafts  about  one  foot  apart  in  the 
row,  leaving  the  top  bud  of  the  scion  even  with  the  sur- 
face ^of  the  ground.  Press  the  dirt  firmly  about  them. 
When  the  stocks  have  long  lateral  roots  it  is  better  to 
open  furrows  with  a  spade  and  pack  the  dirt  around  the 
roots  with  the  hand.  But  when  large  numbers  of  small 
grafts  are  to  be  planted,  it  can  be  done  much  more  rap- 
idly by  using  a  dibble,  which  is  made  of  a  piece  of  wood 
about  one  foot  long,  pointed  with  iron  (jig.  33.)  With  this 


Fig.  33. 

a  hole  of  suflScient  depth  is  made  and  the  dirt  pressed 
firmly  around  the  graft  with  the  dibble  by  thrust- 
ing it  into  the  ground  near  the  graft,  and  pressing  the 
dirt  so  as  to  thoroughly  close  the  opening  from  bottom  to 
top.  A  good  implement  for  this  purpose  is  a  trowel  made 
of  a  piece  of  steel  three  or  four  inches  wide  and  eight  or 
ten  inches  in  length.  Planted  in  this  manner,  if  the 
soil  is  good,  the  grafts,  with  proper  attention,  will  often 
be  of  sufficient  size  for  transplanting  at  the  end  of  the 


38 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


first  year.  In  raising  a  few  trees  for  his  own  planting, 
the  fruit  grower  will  usually  obtain  better  results  from 
cleft  grafting  stocks  as  they  stand — without  taking  them 
up ;  but  as  much  time  is  saved  by  grafting  large  num- 
bers of  trees  during  the  winter  months,  whip  grafting  in 
the  hand  is  a  very  useful  method  of  propagation,  and 
is  much  practiced.  When  the  stock  is  much  larger  than 
the  scion,  the  top  and  one  side  are  cut  away,  as 
shown    in   figs.   34    to    36.      As  in  cleft    grafting,  all 


Fig.  34,  Fig 


Fig.  35. 


sprouts  from  the  roots  must  be  kept  rubbed  off,  and  a 
single  bud  trained  up  from  the  scion.  Unless  great  care 
is  taken  a  sprout  from  the  root  may  be  left  for  the  future 
tree,  as  sometimes  happens  in  nurseries,  in  this  way  pro- 
ducing a  seedling  tree,  generally  of  no  value.  This 
method  of  grafting  may  be  applied  to  standing  stocks. 

Some  Southern  Nurserymen  obtain  most  of  their  apple 
stocks  from  localities  farther  north,  and  whip  graft  them 


GRAFTING.  39 

at  once,  or  set  them  in  nursery  rows  to  be  cleft  grafted 
after  getting  one  year's  growth.  In  buying  stocks  for 
fruit  trees,  always  get  the  best.  Cheap,  low  grade  stocks 
are  often  worthless. 

GRAFTING  BY  APPROACH. 

Examples  of  this  mode  of  grafting  may  be  seen  in  our 
forests  where  we  find  limbs  of  trees  firmly  united  by  con- 
tinued contact.  The  French,  who  are  the  most  skillful  of 
all  horticulturists,  and  describe  in  their  works  more  than 


Fig.  37. — The  grape  grafted  by  approach. 

one  hundred  modes  of  grafting  practiced  at  different  ages, 
thoroughly  understand  this  method,  and  practice  it  ex- 
tensively in  their  systems  of  training.    The  season  for 


40 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD, 


this  method  of  grafting  is  during  the  flow  of  the  sap^ 
and  it  may  be  performed  on  either  ripe  or  green  wood. 
Though  but  little  used  in  this  country,  there  are  instan- 
ces in  which  it  may  be  applied  with  very  happy  results. 
It  is  divided  into  two  classes.  The  first  is  illustrated  in 
fig.  37,  in  which  the  upper  part  of  the  scion  is  retained 


Fig.  38, 


for  the  future  plant;  the  second,  in  figs.  38  and  39,  where 
the  top  of  the  scion  is  inserted  under  the  bark  of  the 
stock,  called  inarching. 

Preventing  Splitting. — It  is  sometimes  the  case  that  the 
splitting  of  forks  in  trees  may  be  prevented  by  this 
operation.  The  two  prongs  of  the  fork  are  held'together 
by  attaching  to  one  prong  a  limb  that  grows  from  the 
other,  or  by  uniting  an  independent  limb  to  both  prongs. 

Similar  portions  of  bark  are  removed  from  the  parts  to 
be  united,  and  they  are  fitted  together  and  securely  bound. 
The  bandage  may  require  loosening,  but  should  not  be 
removed  until  a  perfect  union  has  taken  place. 

Supplying   New  Roots. — A  useful  application    of    this 


GRAFTING.  41 

method  of  grafting  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
new  roots  for  dwarf  trees  when  they  begin  to  decline.  Fig. 
39  represents  the  old  stem  and  the  young  standard  trees, 
growing  near,  with  their  tops  cut  ofif  and  inserted  under 
the  bark.  An  inverted  j,-shaped  incision  (c,  jig.  37,  38) 
is  made  in  the  bark  of  the  stock,  after  which  the  scion  is 
cut  with  a  slope  two  or  three  inches  long  (a)  and  placed 
under. 

The  whole  is  then  carefully  bandaged  and  waxed.  One 
or  more  scions  may  be  inserted.  The  vigorous  young 
stems  impart  new  life  to  the  old  tree,  and  often  prolong^ 
its  period  of  bearing  many  years.  Trees  with  injured 
stems  may  be  operated  upon  in  the  same  manner ;  and 
after  the  grafts  have  become  thoroughly  established,  the 
old  stems  may  be  removed. 

Grafting  the  Vine. — Owing  to  the  difficulty  attending 
ordinary  grafting  of  the  vine,  this  method  is  sometimes 
resorted  to  as  a  more  certain  means  of  con  verting  a  grape 
of  poor  quality  into  a  choice  variety.  (See  chapter  on 
grafting  the  grape).  In  this  way  the  old  vine  is  not  de- 
stroyed, and  if  the  first  operation  is  not  successful  it  may 
be  repeated.  Fig.  37  represents  the  old  vine,  or  stock,, 
and  the  new  variety,  or  scion,  with  a  slice  of  bark  two  or 
three  inches  long  removed  from  each,  and  fitted  together 
ready  for  the  bandage  and  the  application  of  grafting 
clay.  The  bandage  should  be  loosened  during  the  sum- 
mer, but  not  removed,  and  the  top  of  the  stock  pinched 
back  to  throw  a  more  vigorous  growth  into  the  scion. 

In  joining  the  stock  and  scion  they  may  be  tongued  as 

in  ordinary  whip  grafting.  The  dotted  lines  in  the  figure 

represent  the  points  at  which  the  vines  are  severed  in 

the  fall,  after  a  thorough  union  has  taken  place.     Figs. 

3 


42 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


40a,  406  and  40c  represent  self-supporting  espalier  and 
mode  of  forming  letters  by  approach  grafting.  It  requires 


Fig.  40a. 


Fig.  406. 


considerable  time,  patience  and  skill  on  the  part  of  the  op- 
erator in  order  to  obtain  such  happ}^  results ;  but  they  are 


Fig.  40c. 

often  accomplished   and  show  to  what  extent  the  art  of 
grafting  may  be  carried.     From  the  foregoing  explana- 


PROPAGATION   BY   CUTTINGS.  43 

tions,  it  will  be  understood  how  the  operations  are  per- 
formed. These  complicated  designs  are  produced  more 
readily  by  training  the  tree  to  a  trellis  which  has  the 
outline  marked  upon  it.  In  figs.  40a  and  406  the  branches 
are  united  where  they  touch  back  to  back,  not  where  they 
cross.  In  this  mode  of  training  it  will  sometimes  be 
necessary  to  supply  branches  where  they  are  wanting 
which  can  be  done  by  methods  already  described.  While 
of  little  practical  value,  such  experiments  will  be  pecu- 
liarly interesting  to  the  enthusiastic  pomologist. 

PROPAGATION  BY  CUTTINGS. 

Cuttings  are  portions  of  plants,  which,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  produce  other  plants  similar  to  those  from 
which  they  are  taken. 


Fig.  41.      Fi^.  42. 

This  method  of  propagation  is  applied  to  the  grape, 
mulberry,  quince,  raspberry,  blackberry,  fig,  gooseberry, 
currant  and  some  kinds  of  pears. 


44         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

Cuttings  are  usually  portions  of  wood  of  the  last  year's 
growth,  from  six  inches  to  afoot  in  length,  cut  close  to  a 
a  bud  at  each  end.  They  are  planted  in  the  fall  in  deep- 
ly-spaded ground,  well  enriched,  especially  at  the  bot- 
tom, leaving  one  or  two  inches  above  the  surface.  Only 
one  bud  of  grape  cuttings  should  be  left  above  the  ground. 
Press  the  dirt  firmly  around  them. 

The  descending  sap  that  exudes  from  the  lower  end  of 
a  cutting  forms  a  callus  (Jig.  41),  from  which  roots  are 
emitted  {fig.  42).  The  buds  at  the  top  develop  into 
shoots,  and  in  one  season  the  simple  stick  of  buds  becomes 
a  well-rooted  plant,  in  many  instances  several  feet  high.. 


Figs.  43, 


Success  with  cuttings  is  more  certain  if  a  portion  of 
the  old  wood  is  attached,  as  in^^r.  43.  Cuttings  of  this 
kind  are  termed  mallet  cuttings.  If  side  shoots  are  used^ 
cut  them  so  as  to  contain  the  enlarged  portion^of  wood 
near  the  main  stem  (fig.  44). 


PROPAGATION   BY   LAYERS.  45 

Cuttings  require  careful  cultivation,  and  during  dry 
seasons  watering  will  prove  very  beneficial.  They  are 
sometimes  placed  in  a  hole  in  the  open  ground,  with 
their  butt-ends  up,  tied  evenly  together  and  covered  with 
a  few  inches  of  dirt  to  remain  till  callus  is  formed  in 
spring  on  the  ends  turned  up  to  the  sun. 

They  are  then  taken  up  and  planted  a  few  inches  apart 
in  nursery  rows.  They  must  be  handled  carefully  and 
not  exposed  to  the  sun.  Such  plants  as  the  blackberry, 
that  throw  up  suckers  readily,  can  be  propagated  from 
root  cuttings,  which  are  small  pieces  of  roots  two  or  three 
inches  long,  planted  in  good  soil,  at  an  angle  of  about 
forty-five  degrees,  and  covered  lightly. 

PROPAGATION  BY  LAYERS. 

Layers  differ  from  cuttings  in  being  left  attached  to 
the  parent  from  which  they  receive  nourishment ;  and 
while  not  a  very  rapid  method  of  propagation,  they  pro- 
duce excellent  plants.  Layers  are  made  from  ripe  or 
green  wood,  and  some  plants  that  do  not  root  readily 
from  cuttings  are  propagated  without  diflSculty  by  layer- 
ing. 


Fig.  45.  Fig.  46. 

Fig.  45  represents  a  cane  of  the  vine  laid  down  about 
mid-summer,  buried  in  the  ground  five  or  six  inches 


46         THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

deep,  with  the  extremity,  which  is  sometimes  tied  to  a 
stake,  left  uncovered.  A  flat  stone  placed  over  the 
buried  portion  will  aid  in  retaining  moisture  and  in 
keeping  the  vine  to  its  place.  By  fall  the  layers  will  be 
well  rooted,  when  the  entire  cane  is  cut  from  the  parent 
and  the  rooted  parts  separated  (fig.  46).  They  are 
then  ready  for  setting  out.  Plants  are  sometimes  hooked 
down,  and  those  having  hard  wood  have  incisions  made 


Fig.  47. 


near  the  buds,  as  represented  in  fig.  47,  to  facilitate  root- 
ing. 

A  cane  is  sometimes  placed  in  the   ground  in  several 
places  at  intervals  of  a  few  inches  (fig.  47).    This  is 


Fig.  48. 

called  serpentine  layering.    For  spring  layering,  wood  of 
last  year's  growth  is  used. 
A  strong  cane  growing  as  near  the  ground  as' possible^ 


PROPAGATION   BY   LAYERS.  47 

after  having  about  one-third  of  its  length  cut  away,  is 
laid  down  level  in  a  trench  five  or  six  inches  deep,  and 
secured  with  stones  or  pegs.  As  soon  as  the  buds  on  the 
cane  make  a  growth  of  several  inches,  cover  the  layered . 
cane  with  an  inch  or  two  of  soil.  Continue  covering,  as 
the  young  canes  increase  in  length,  until  the  trench  is 
filled.  Leave  the  young  shoots  about  a  foot  apart  (fig. 
48).  With  good  attention  they  will  be  well  rooted  by 
fall,  when  the  old  cane  is  separated  from  the  parent  and 
taken  up  entire.  The  rooted  plants  can  now  be  cut 
apart  and  planted  in  nursery  rows  or  where  they  are  to 


Pig.  49 

remain.  Fig.  49  represents  stool  layering,  which  is  ap- 
plied to  the  quince  and  the  Paradise  and  Doucain  apples 
for  raising  stocks. 

The  plant  is  cut  down  to  a  few  buds  before  growth 
commences  in  spring,  and  during  the  following  season  a 
number  of  vigorous  shoots  spring  up  from  the  stump. 
The  next  fall  or  spring  the  dirt  is  drawn  up  so  as  to 
cover  the  old  stump.  One  or  two  years  after  hilling  up, 
the  young  shoots  become  well  rooted,  and  are_takeufrom 


48         THE  NUESERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD.      ' 

the  stool  to  be  used  as  stocks  for  budding  or  grafting. 
The  stools  are  enlarged  until  one  will  furnish  a  great 
many  plants.  Suckers  are  shoots  from  buds  on  the 
roots — spontaneous  layers. 

They  sometimes  appear  in  large  numbers  around  trees 
that  have  had  their  roots  broken  by  a  plow.  They  are 
much  employed  for  multiplying  the  raspberry.  Suckers 
are  sometimes  used  for  stocks,  but  seedlings  are  much 
better. 


CHAPTER  IV, 


PLANS  FOR  ORCHARDS. 

*Besides  being  much  more  pleasing  in  appearance,  the 
trees  of  a  carefully  laid  out  orchard  can  be  properly  cul- 
tivated with  far  less  difficulty  than  those  that  are  out  of 
line  in  the  rows  and  at  irregular  distances  apart.  The 
following  plans,  which  can  be  varied  in  many  ways,  will 
be  found  very  convenient : 

QUINCUNX    PLANTING. 


By  this  method  the  trees  are  in  rows  in  various  ways, 
and  may  be  plowed  in  three  directions. 

The  following  plan  is  given  by  Mr.  Randolph  Peters, 
of  Delaware.  An  acre  planted  in  this  manner  contains 
165  trees. 

48  standard  apples,  30  feet  apart,  marked  O. 

35  standard  pears  or  cheries,  marked  S. 


60         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

82  dwarf  pear-s,  dwarf  apples,  dwarf  cherries,   plums, 
quinces  or  peaches,  marked  X, 

OxOxOxOx 


X  S  X  3  X  3  X 

0x0x0x0 


0x0 


LAYING  OUT  ORCHARDS. 

It  requires  considerable  time  for  one  person  to  plant 
an  orchard  of  a  hundred  trees  when  the  rows  have  to  be 
straightened  by  the  usual  method  of  sighting  backward 
and  forward ;  but  by  means  of  a  simple  device,  which  is 
described  in  The  American  Fmit  Culturist,  the  labor  is 
greatly  lessened.  A^strong  cord  is  procured,  as  long  as 
one  side  of  the  orchard,  if  possible.  This  is  ^.stretched 
tightly  along  the  line.intended  for  the  first  row  of  trees. 
Then  with  a  measure  lay  off  along  the  cord  the  proper 
distances  apart  for  the-trees,  marking  each  place  by  stick- 
ing up  a  small  peg.  These  pegs  indicate  where  the  trees 
should  stand ;  but  when  the  holes  are  dug  and  the  pegs 
removed,  the  proper  places  for  the  trees  cannot-  be  ascer- 


PLANS   FOR   ORCHARDS.  51 

tained.     It  is  at  this  juncture  that  the  board,  represented 
in  fig.  50,  is  so  useful.     It  should  be  four  or  five  inches 


13 


Fig.  50. 

wide,  with  an  opening  in  the  middle  and  a  hole  in  each 
end,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  Lay  the  board  down  in  any 
direction,  so  that  the  opening  in  the  middle  is  around 
one  of  the  pegs  along  the  cord,  and  drive  pins  into  the 
ground  through  the  end  holes.  Remove  the  board 
and  dig  the  hole.  Replace  the  board  as  it  was, 
with  the  holes  in  the  ends  over  the  pins,  which  were 
driven  through  them,  and  set  the  tree  with  its  stem 
in  the  opening  in  the  middle  of  the  board.  It  is  evident 
that  the  tree  will  stand  exactly  in  the  position  of  the 
peg  which  was  removed,  and  will  be  in  a  line  with  the 
other  pegs.  By  repeating  this  process,  the  entire  or- 
chard can  be  planted  in  a  short  time,  and  the  rows  will 
be  perfectly  straight. 


CHAPTER  V. 


DISTANCES  FOR  PLANTING. 

Apples— standard 20  feet  each  way. 

Apples — dwarf 6  to    8  feet  each  way. 

Pears — standard 16  feet  each  way. 

Pears — dwarf 8  to  12  feet  each  way. 

Peaches,  Plums,  Cherries,  etc. . ,  .16  to  20  feet  each  way. 
Orapes 8  to  10  feet  each  way. 

Scuppernong  20  to  30  feet  in  the  row,  and  rows  10  to 
20  feet  apart,  according  to  soil. 

NUMBER    OF    TREES    ON    AN   ACRE   AT  GIVEN   DIS- 
TANCES. 


Distances  Apart  Each   Way. 
No.  of  Trees 

4  feet 2,722 

6  feet I,2l0 

8  feet 680 

10  feet 43-5 

12  feet 302 

14  feet 222 

16  feet 170 

18  feet 134 

20  feet 108 

25  feet 69 

30  feet 48 

40  feet 27 


Distances  Apart. 

No,  of  Trees. 

4x6 1,815 

6x8 907 

8x10 544 

10x12 363 

10x20 217 

15x30 97 

20x30 75 

20x40 24 


CHAPTER  VL 


TRANSPLANTING. 

Perhaps  no  operation  connected  with  fruit  culture  is 
so  often  improperly  done  as  transplanting  or  taking  up 
and  setting  out  trees.  It  may  seem  strange  to  the  man 
who  succeeds  so  well  in  raising  farm  products  that  he 


Tree  showing  length  of  roots. 

should  need  any  instructions  on  so  simple  as  subject  a 
transplanting  trees.  Yes,  but  the  very  man  who  takes 
the  utmost  care  to  have  his  ground  in  a  perfect  condition 
for  the  reception  of  corn  or  cotton  seed  very  often  crams 
his  fruit  trees  into  the  hard  soil,  post-like,  and  then  ex- 
pects them  to  thrive  and  produce  large  crops  of  fruit.     If 


64         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

a  fruit  tree  will  do  well  when  its  roots  are  placed  in  a 
hole  in  the  unbroken  ground  hardly  large  enough  to 
receive  them,  then  why  will  not  a  grain  of  corn  produce 
a  fine  stalk  and  well  developed  ears  when  planted  in 
the  hard  ground,  with  scarcely  enough  dirt  to  cover  it? 
This  process  of  removing  a  tree  from  one  position  to 
another  is  applied  to  seedlings  which  are  usually  taken 
from  the  seed  beds  to  nursery  rows  when  one  year  old, 
and  to  nursery  trees  which  are  removed  to  the  orchard 
when  from  one  to  three  years  old  from  the  bud  or  graft. 

The  proper  time  for  transplanting  at  the  South  is  soon 
after  the  first  killing  frost,  thus  giving  the  trees  time  to 
become  established  in  their  new  position  before  growth 
begins  in  spring.  It  is  one  of  the  requisites  to  success- 
ful transplanting  to  make  a  thorough  preparation  of  the 
soil. 

It  is  an  excellent  plan  to  sow  peas  on  the  ground  in- 
tended for  an  orchard,  and  turn  them  under  in  early  fall 
with  a  two-horse  plow  followed  by  a  subsoil.  Holes  are 
dug  three  feet  wide  and  two  feet  deep,  to  be  filled  with 
surface  soil,  thoroughly  mixed  with  about  a  peck  of  good 
cotton  seed  and  stable  manure  compost  to  each  hole. 
Do  not  let  any  strong  manure  come  in  contact  with  the 
roots. 

Many  failures  in  transplanting  result  from  careless 
digging.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  take  up  small  seedlings 
with  their  roots  almost  entire,  but  as  the  roots  of  a  tree 
extend  on  each  side  to  a  distance  about  equal  to  the 
height,  it  is  impossible,  in  digging  trees  five  or  six  feet 
high  from  nursery  rows,  to  avoid  leaving  a  large  portion 
of  the  roots  in  the  ground. 

In  nurseries,  trees  are  dug  very  rapidly  by  thrusting  a 


TRANSPLANTING. 


55 


spade  into  the  ground  on  each  side  of  the  tree,  a  foot  or 
two  from  it,  and  raising  it  from  its  position.  It  requires 
two  hands  to  do  the  work.  When  only  a  few  trees  are 
to  be  taken  up,  it  is  better  to  dig  large  circles  around 
them  and  get  as  much  root  as  possible.     Make  it  a  rule 


Fig.  61.— A  Fig.  52— A  one  Fig.  53.— A  2  or  3  year  Fig.  54.— A  tree  2  or 
one  year  tree,  vear  tree  with-  tree  as  received  from  3  years  old  prepared 
with  all   in-  but  branches,  the  nursery.  for  planting. 

Jured  roots     as        received 
and  branches  from  the  nur- 

pruned  oflf,   sery. 

and  the  top 

shortened. 

to  avoid  all  unnecessary  mutilation  of  the  roots.  After 
seedlings  are  dug,  their  tap  roots  are  shortened  and  they 
are  planted  in  the  same  manner  as  whip  grafts. 

When  nursery  trees  are  dug  the}'  are  prepared  for 
planting  in  the  onchard  by  cutting   smooth  all  injured 


56         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

roots,  and  shortening-in  the  head  to  restore  the  balance 
between  root  and  top.  As  a  part  of  the  roots  are  neces- 
sarily left  in  the  ground  when  a  tree  is  dug,  the  top  must 
be  lessened  in  proportion.  A  one-year  tree  is  usually 
cut  back  to  a  naked  stem  from  two  to  three  feet  high 
(figs.  51  and  52).  Older  trees  have  about  one-half  the 
length  of  their  limbs  pruned  oflf,  leaving  them  longest 
at  the  bottom,  and  tapering  up  to  the  leader.  This  is 
not  very  well  represented  in  fig.  54. 

The  tree  is  then  placed  in  the  hole  a  little  deeper  than 
it  stood  in  the  nursery,  with  all  its  roots  spread  out  to 
their  full  extent,  and  the  soil  well  worked  among  them 
with  the  hand.  The  dirt  must  be  pressed  down  around 
the  tree  firmly,  so  that  it  will  be  held  in  its  position,  and 
no  roots  left  in  an  open  space  to  die  from  want 
of  moisture.  Bank  the  dirt  up  around  the  tree  a  little 
higher  than  the  surrounding  surface.  It  will  sink  down 
to  a  level.  In  transplanting,  it  is  well  to  immerse  the 
roots  in  soft  mud,  and  they  must  not  be  exposed  to  the 
sun  very  long.  When  trees  are  shipped  long  distances, 
they  are  sometimes^  injured  by  freezing  or  drying. 
Frozen  trees  are  not  much  injured  if  buried  in  the 
ground  till  they  thaw ;  if  shriveled  from  want  of  moist- 
ure, they  are  usually  restored  by  keeping  them  buried 
in  the  ground  several  days,  top  and  all. 

Always  select  young,  well  rooted  trees.  One  year  from 
the  bud  or  graft  is  usually  the  best  age.  When  large 
trees  are  taken  up,  they  receive  a  severe  check  from 
which  they  sometimes  fail  to  recover. 


CHAPTER  VIL 


BEGISTERING  AND  LABELING. 

When  a  lot  of  trees  from  a  nursery  are  to  be  plant- 
ed, the  wire  labels  showing  the  different  kinds  should 
be  removed,  but  some  plan  must  be  adopted  by  which 
the  variety  of  each  tree  will  be  known  in  after  years. 
Maps  of  orchards  are  often  made  and  answer  a  very  good 
purpose,  but  labeling  each  tree  is  far  more  convenienti- 


Fig.  55. 

Thin  strips  of  soft  wood,  written  on  when  wet  with 
an  ordinary  lead  pencil,  and  fastened  to  the  tree  with 
a  twine  string,  will  last  a  while,  but  they  require  con- 
stant renewing  and  are  not  to  be  recommended. 

The  best  labels  are  made  from  strips  of  sheet  zinc, 
about  an  inch  wide  and  three  or  four  inches  long,  soaked 
a  day  or  two  in  water  and  exposed  to  the  air  till  a  slight 
corrosion  takes  place.  The  names  are  written  on  them 
with  a  lead  pencil.  In  a  short  time  they  show  plainly, 
and  will  be  legible  for  several  years.  They  are  attached 
4 


68         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

to  the  limbs  with' copper  wire  (fig.  55),  and  examined 
often  to  see  that  the  wires  do  not  become  imbedded  in 
the  growing  wood.  They  are  sometimes  cut  with  a  nar- 
row end,  which  is  bent  around  the  limb  in  a  single 
coil,  it  expands  as  the  limb  grows,  and  does  not  cut 
into  the  bark. 


CHAPTER  VIIL 


MULCHING  AND  WATERING. 

Mulching  consists  in  placing  around  the  tree  to  the 
distance  of  three  or  four  feet  a  coating  a  few  inches 
deep  of  rotten  leaves,  straw,  half  decomposed  manure, 
or  other  such  substance  that  will  retain  moisture.  It 
is  an  excellent  protection  against  summer  drought,  and 
should  be  a  universal  practice  in  our  hot,  dry  climate. 
Many  trees  that  die  during  summer  could  be  saved  by 
mulching.  A  good  time  to  apply  it  is  in  spring,  when 
growth  has  started,  soon  after  a  rain. 


If  trees  are  well  mulched,  they  will  not  need  much 
watering,  but  in  very  dry  seasons  newly  set  trees  should 
have  occasional  copious  waterings  in  addition  to  the 
mulch.  Do  not  let  a  valuable  young  tree  die  from  want 
of  a  little  attention  in  this  way. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


PLANT  A  SUCCESSION  OF  FRUITS  AT  ONCE. 

The  man  who  settles  on  a  new  place,  waits  a  few  years 
to  get  ready  to  set  out  an  orchard,  and  finally  plants 


Fig.  56. 

nothing  but  a  few  peach  and  apple  trees,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  waiting  a  few  years  to  see  how  these  do  before 
planting  more,  will  not  eat  much  fruit  from  his  own 
orchard  in  a  long  time.  Do  not  wait  till  next  year,  nor 
the  year  after,  to  begin ;  go  to  work  at  once  and  set  out 
trees  and  plants  of  every  kind  of  fruit  that  succeeds  in 
your  climate.  A  few  apple  and  peach  trees  are  not  suffi- 
cient. Plant  the  small  fruits,  strawberries,  raspberries 
and  grapes,  also  currants  and  gooseberries  wherever  they 


PLANT  A  SUCCESSION  OP  FRUITS  AT  ONGE.     61 

succeed.  They  will  begin  to  bear  at  once,  and  will  sup- 
ply you  with  fruit  every  year  during  the  period  that  you 
are  waiting  on  your  apples,  pears,  etc.  No  matter  if  your 
ground  is  fresh  and  full  of  roots  ;  dig  big  holes,  fill  them 
with  surface  soil,  and  all  will  flourish.  From  the 
earliest  strawberry  to  the  best-keeping  apple,  we  have  a 
succession  of  fruits  that  spans  the  year;  and  every  per- 
son who  has  a  few  rods  of  ground  can  raise  them  on  his 
own  premises. 


CHAPTER  X. 

CULTIVATION. 

It  very  often  happens  that  the  owner  of  a  fruit  tree  is 
disappointed  because  his  fruit  is  not  so  large  and  excel- 
lent as  specimens  of  the  same  variety  that  he  has  seen 
elsewhere.  He  is  then  ready  to  pronounce  the  variety 
a  failure,  or  the  nurseryman  a  fraud,  when  the  fault  is 
really  his  own,  and  the  lack  of  proper  cultivation  the 
principal  cause  of  his  disappointment.     If  a  tree  is  de- 


Fig.  57.— The  orchard  that  is  neglected  and  the  one  that  is  well  cultivated. 
prived  of  cultivation,  the  same  results  may  be  expected, 
that  every  farmer  knows  will  follow,  if  his  corn  is  allowed 
to  stand  in  soil  that  is  baked  and  grown  up  with  weeds. 
From  the  planting  of  the  seed,  through  all  the  stages 
of  the  trees'  growth,  clean  cultivation  is  necessary.  After 
orchards  come  into  bearing,  it  is  better  to  give  up  the 
land  entirely  to  the  trees,  giving  them  repeated  plow- 
ings  and  a  top  dressing  of  manure  each  year.  A  com- 
post containing  lime  and  ashes  is  excellent.  Do  not  in- 
jure the  roots  by  plowing  too  deeply,  and  carefully  avoid 
mutilating  the  trees  with  the  plow. 

Low  growing,  hoed  crops  may  be  cultivated  in  orchards 
without  injury,  but  never  corn  or  sown  crops. 


CHAPTER  XL 


PRUNING. 


This  subject  has  been  discussed  for  many  years ;  much 
has  been  said  and  written  upon  it,  but  even  now  it  is 
very  imperfectly  understood  by  the  masses  of  people,  and 
often  wholly  disregarded.  Our  climate,  it  is  true,  is  very 
favorable  to  the  growth  and  perfect  development  of  fruit 
trees,  and  renders  unnecessary  much  of  the  labor  and  ex- 
pense attached  to  fruit  raising  in  some  other  countries, 
but  to  obtain  the  best  results,  even  in  this  genial  climate, 
pruning  for  some  purpose  will  be  necessary  through  all 
the  successive  stages.  While  intelligent  pruning  is  ever 
productive  of  the  most  satisfactory  results,  an  entirely 
different  effect  is  produced  when  it  is  performed  in  a 
bungling  manner  without  any  regard  to  the  object  to  be 
accomplished.  The  time  and  manner  of  pruning  will  be 
determined  by  the  purpose  in  view  and  the  nature  and 
condition  of  the  tree. 

We  prune  all  parts  of  a  tree,  at  various  seasons  of  the 
year,  to  accomplish  very  different  purposes.  In  this 
country  it  is  practiced  principally  to  regulate  the  shape, 
to  produce  a  vigorous  growth,  or  to  induce  greater  fruit- 
fulness.  When  the  first  of  these  is  the  object  in  view,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  do  some  pruning  at  almost  every  sea- 
son of  the  year.  While  at  the  South  all  large  limbs, 
which  through  neglect  have  been  left  to  grow  in  an  un- 
favorable position,  should  be  removed  in  the  fall,  it  will 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD, 

often  be  ^necessary  in  the  ^growing  season  to  cut  away  or 
shorten-in  certain  shoots  which  have  been  overlooked, 
or,  are  making  a  very  vigorous  growth  at  the  expense 
of  other  portions  of  the  tree  Jlf  properly  pruned  at  trans- 
planting and  during  the  first]few  years  of  growth,  it  will 
rarely  be  necessary  to  remove  large  limbs,  as  all  useless 
shoots  will  be  kept  cut  away  while  small.  No  sucker 
from  the  root  or  limb  that  will  have  to  be  removed  should 
be  left  to  obtain  a  year's  growth,  as  they  can  be  easily 
rubbed oflf  while  young  without  the  slightest  injury;  but 
it  is  often  the  case  that  trees  are  neglected  until  their 
heads  are  composed  of  numerous  useless  branches,  whose 
removal  the  future  welfare  of  the  tree  demands. 
In  pruning,  all  cuts  must  be  made  with  sharp  instru- 


Fig.  58. 

ments.    For  small  limbs  a  knife  is  sufficient,  but  when 
too  large  to  be  cut  in  this   manner,   a  pruning    saw 


Fig.  59. 

must  be  used.  When  very  large  limbs  are  to  be 
sawed  oflf,  it  is  well  to  first  saw  about  half  through  from 
the  bottom,  finishing  from  the  top,  in  order  to  prevent 
splitting.  The  rough  surface  is  tben  smoothed  over  with 
a  sharp  knife  and  an  application  made  of  paint,  grafting 
wax  or  gum  shellac,  mixed  with  alcohol,  to  the  consistency 


PRUNING. 


65 


of  paint,  to  exclude  moisture.  The  small  line  in  jig.  60 
shows  the  point  at  which  the  limb  should  be  cut,  just  at 
the  beginning  of  the  enlargement  at  its  base. 


Fig.  60. 

Some  orchardists  prefer  to  leave  the  stump  of  the  limb 
which  is  pruned  off  about  one  foot  long,  to  be  cut  again 
at  the  base  the  first  of  June.  Wounds  made  at  this  time 
heal  very  rapidly,  leaving  the  wounded  surface  exposed 
a  shorter  time.  While  for  the  accomplishment  of  cer- 
tain purposes,  and  for  different  trees,  in  which  the  growth 
is  very  unlike,  various  methods  of  pruning  will  be 
adopted,  it  will  be  necessary  in  all  cases  to  remove  dead 
wood,  or  crossing  branches,  which  often  produce  harbors 
for  insects ;  to  avoid  crotches  or  equal  forks,  and  to  ob- 
tain a  well  balanced  head  sufficiently  open  to  admit  air 
and  sunlight,  without  which  neither  the  highest  color- 
ing nor  the  best  quality  of  fruit  can  be  obtained.  Figs. 
61,  62  and  63  show  the  directions  taken  by  limbs  from 
buds  in  different  positions.  By  giving  some  attention 
to  these  results,  the  shape  of  trees  may  be  materially  al- 
tered by  pruning,  rendering  very  open  heads  more  com- 
pact, and  vice  vei'sa.  Vacant  places  can  often  be  supplied 
by  cutting  a  limb*to  a  bud  which  points  in  the  jdesired 


THE   NURSERY   AND   THE   ORCHARD. 


direction.    The  adjacent   figures  represent   the  correct 
and  the  incorrect  methods  of  cutting  ofif  a  branch  at  a 


Fig.  61.        Fig.  62.        Fig.  63. 

bud.  If  too  far  from  the  bud,  as  in  fig.  64,  the^Jstump 
above  the  bud  will  die,  making  anotherjcut  necessary.  In 
fig.  65  the  bud  is  enfeebled  by  having  apportion  of  wood  to 


Figs.  64, 


which  it  is  attached  removed.  The  perfect  cut-  is  seen  in 
fig.  66.  When  done  in  this  manner,  the  healing  of  the 
wound  will  be  rapid  and  complete,  while  the  bud  will  be 
left  in  a  thrifty  condition. 


PRUNIi^G.  67 

After  orchards  have  borne  full  crops,  there  are  many 
broken  limbs  to  be  removed,  which  should  be  done  as 
soon  as  the  fruit  is  gathered,  and  the  brush  taken  away. 
Trees  which  appear  to  be  ruined  by  breaking  down, 
caused  by  overbearing,  are  often  entirely  restored  by  ju- 
dicious pruning. 

If  the  object  of  the  pruning  be  a  more  vigorous  wood 
growth,  it  is  done  soon  after  the  fall  of  the  leaves  in  au- 
tumn, as  at  this  time,  in  mild  climates,  there  sets  in  a 
vigorous  storing  up  of  nutriment  in  the  cells  of  the  tree 
to  be  expended  on  the  next  year's  growth.  The  process 
is  kept  up  during  the  winter,  and  this  plant  food  is  dis- 
tributed among  all  the  branches.  It  is  evident  that  the 
fewer  the  limbs  among  which  this  material  is  to  be  di- 
vided, the  larger  will  be  the  portion  which  each  is  to  re- 
ceive, and  the  greater  the  consequent  growth  during  the 
ensuing  year.  Hence,  if  a  portion  of  the  branches  are 
removed  early  in  the  fall,  a  larger  quantity  of  this  life- 
giving  substance  will  accumulate  in  those  that  remain 
than  would  be  the  case  if  all  were  left  till  spring.  Much 
can  be  done  toward  obtaining  a  vigorous  growth  of  fruit 
trees  by  proper  pruning.  When  all  useless  branches, 
such  as  are  not  necessary  to  the  form  or  equality  of  the 
head,  are  removed,  and  all  branches  are  cut  back  which 
are  growing  so  rapidly  as  to  destroy  the  form  or  detract 
from  the  growth  of  the  other  parts  of  the  tree,  a  proper 
balance  is  maintained,  the  sap  is  evenly  distributed  to 
every  portion,  and  a  strong,  healthy  growth  is  the  result. 
In  most  instances  it  is  desired  that  fruit  trees  maintain 
a  vigorous  growing  condition,  but  it  sometimes  occurs 
that  after  trees  have  become  of  sufficient  age  and  size  to 
yield  abundant  crops,  they  are  still  unfruitful  on  account- 


68         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

of  too  vigorous  wood  growth.  If  immediate  bearing  is 
desired,  some  method  of  reducing  vitality  must  be  re- 
sorted to,  as  whatever  retards  the  formation  of  wood  is 
favorable  to  the  production  of  fruit.  This  can  be  done 
by  pruning  in  summer.  At  this  time  the  plant  food 
which  was  stored  up  in  winter  is  largely  expended,  and 
when  a  portion  of  the  tree  is  removed  the  flow  of  the 
sap  is  retarded,  the  growth  is  checked,  and  the  result  is 
the  formation  of  numerous  fruit  buds,  which  otherwise 
would  have  developed  into  wood  buds.  This  is  done  very 
successfully  by  pinching  oflf  the  ends  of  the  shoots,  as 
the  bruising  wounds  of  the  finger  retard  the  growth 
more  effectually  than  the  smooth  cuts  of  a  knife.  But 
summer  pruning  is  a  severe  process,  and  should  be  prac- 
ticed only  to  a  moderate  extent.  Root  pruning  is  also 
resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  retarding  growth,  or,  which 
is  the  same,  inducing  fruitfulness.  It  consists  in  sever- 
ing the  roots  at  a  greater  or  less  distance  from  the  trunk, 
According  to  the  size  and  vigor  of  the  tree  and  the  pur- 
pose to  be  accomplished.  In  our  climate  it  should  be 
practiced  with  great  caution,  and  only  in  cases  of  very 
luxuriant  growth  and  obstinate  unfruitfulness. 

An  unproductive  limb  may  be  made  to  bear  by  bending 
it  down  below  a  horizontal  line,  and  retaining  it  in 
<this  unnatural  position,  which  is  unfavorable  to  a  free 
<jirculation,  until  it  becomes  permanent.  Portions  of  bark 
care  sometimes  removed  from  trees  to  render  them  more 
fruitful,  but  the  practice  is  not  to  be  commended. 

Some  specific  directions  will  be  given  for  pruning  the 
different  fruit  trees  treated  of  in  this  work,  which,  to- 
gether with  the  instructions  in  this  chapter,  will  be 
found  sufficient  for  ordinary  purposes. 


PRUNING. 


In  our  favorable  climate  the  intricate  systems  of  train- 
ing of  other  countries  are  wholly  unnecessary,  except  in 
the  extreme  north  and  Canada,  where  they  are  practiced 


Fig.  67. 

to  some  extent.  Fig.  67  represents  a  tree  pruner,  which 
is  very  useful  in  reaching  the  extremities  of  'long 
branches.  The  length  of  the  pole^canl,be  regulated  ac- 
cording to  the  height  of  the  trees. 


CHAPTER  XII 


CROSSING  AND  HYBRIDIZING. 

The  production  of  new  varieties  will  certainly  engage 
a  portion  of  the  attention  of  every  person  who  is  inter- 
ested in  the  subject  of  fruit  culture.  He  will  not  be  sat- 
isfied simply  to  propagate  the  varieties  produced  by  ac- 
cident, or  through  the  labors  of  other  men,  but  will  feel 
a  desire  himself  to  become  instrumental  in  the  produc- 
tion of  something  new.  It  is  sometimes  the  case  that 
we  find  two  varieties  of  fruit,  each  of  which  possesses, 
in  a  marked  degree,  the  qualities  that  are  wanting  in  the 
other.  For  instance,  one  may  be  large,  but  poorly  fla- 
vored, while  the  other  is  finely  flavored,  but  inferior  in 
size.  By  crossing  these  two  we  may  obtain  a  new  varie- 
ty, partaking  of  the  qualities  of  both,  but  superior  to 
either.  Crossing  or  hybridizing  has  not  been  practiced 
largely  a  great  many  years,  but  some  of  our  finest  varie- 
ties of  fruit  are  known  to  owe  their  origin  to  this  process. 
It  is  now  well  understood  by  experienced  horticulturists, 
and  through  its  agency  we  expect  many  valuable  new 
varieties  to  be  obtained.  The  process  of  crossing  is  very 
readily  performed,  and  consists  in  fertilizing  the  pistil 
of  one  variety  with  the  pollen  from  another. 

Fig.  68  represents  a  flower  of  the  pear ;  a,  style  of  pis- 
til; b,  stigma;  c,  ovary  or  seed  vessel  ;  d,  anther,  and  e, 
filament  of    stamen.    The  anthers,  when  matured,  dis- 


CROSSING   AND   HYBRIDIZING,  71 

oharge  a  powdery  substance  called  pollen,  which,  com- 
ing in  contact  with  the  stigma,  fertilizes  the  young  fruit 
at  its  base. 

When  it  is  desired  to  make  a  cross  between  two  varie- 
ties, select  blossoms  not  fully  open  on  the  tree  intended 


Fig  68. 

for  the  female  parent,  and  cut  off  all  the  anthers,  as  rep- 
resented in  fig.  69.  This  must  be  done  before  the  flower 
is^fully  expanded,  otherwise  the  process  of  crossing  may 
be  performed  by  other  agencies — insects  or  the  wind. 
Bees,  no  doubt,  carry  the  pollen  from  one  flower  to  an- 
other and  efifect  crosses  regardless  of  consequences.  In 
order  to  get  ahead  of  these  busy  little  meddlers,  and  avoid 
the  natural  fertilization  which  will  result  if  the  flowers 
are  left  to  themselves,  with  sharp  scissors  carefully  cut 
the  anthers  from  the  flower  intended  for  the  female  pa- 
rent before  it  is  entirely  open,  and  protect  it  by  a  cover- 
ing of  thin  gauze  until  the  pollen  of  the  male  parent  is 
well  matured.  Then  collect  the  ripened  dry  powder  with 
a  soft  brush  and  apply  it  to  the  moist  stigma  of  the  cov- 
ered flower.  It  is  sometimes  applied  with  the  finger,  or 
by  touching  the  stigma  with  the  anthers  containing  the 
dry  pollen.  After  this  process  is  complete,  keep  the 
flower  covered  until  all  danger  of  accidental  fertilization 
has  passed.     It  is  well  to  repeat  the  operation  several 


72         THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

times  on  the  same  flower  to  be  certain  of  success.  la 
the  case  of  flowers  that  do  not  open  at  exactly  the  same 
time,  it  may  be  necessary  to  preserve  the  pollen  till  the 
pistil  is  in  a  proper  condition  for  its  reception.  This  can 
be  done  by  carefully  bottling  the  ripened  anthers.  The 
fertilized  flower  must  be  watched  and  protected  until  the 
fruit  is  fully  ripe.  When  planted,  the  seed  of  this  spe- 
cimen is  supposed  to  produce  fruit  partaking  of  the  na- 


Fig.  70. 

ture  of  both  parents.  Fig.  70  represents  the  flower  orth© 
cherry,  the  letters  indicating  the  same  parts,  as  in  fig.  68. 
In  figs.  71  and  72  are  seen  the  flowers  of  the  grape,  the 


Fig.  71.  Fig.  72. 

first  of  which  represents  the  stamens  covered  ^by  the 
petals,  which,  in  the  case  of  the  grape,  drop  ofl*  instead 
of  expanding,  as  in  most  other  flowers  ;  the  latter^shows 
the  same  flower  after  the  petals  have  disappeared.  The 
process  of  crossing  is  interesting,  andj  to  be  performed 
successfully  requires  considerable  care  and  some.skill  on 
the  part  of  the  operator ;  and,  while  ^it  is  readily  per- 


CROSSING  AND  HYBRIDIZING.  73 

formed  under  the  proper  conditions,  there  are  limits  be- 
yond which  it  cannot  be  carried.  It  is  very  common  be. 
tween  two  varieties  of  the  same  species,  as  two  kinds  of 
apples,  and  it  is  sometimes  successful  between  closely 
allied  species  of  the  sam  e  genera,  as  the  different  species 
of  the  gourd  and  melon  families,  but  not  between  the 
apple  and  the  pear.  When  two  varieties  of  the  same 
species  are  united  the  result  is  called  a  cross,  but  when 
different  species  are  crossed  the  result  is  known  as  a  hy- 
brid. 

The  organs  concerned  in  the  production  of  seeds  and 
fruit  are  the  stamens  and  the  pistils,  the  former  repre- 
senting the  male  and  the  latter  the  female  organs.  They 
are  sometimes  found  in  the  same  flower,  as  in  the  blooms 
of  the  pear  or  cherry  ;  but  in  Indian  corn  the  tassel  rep- 
resents the  male  portion,  while  the  female  is  represented 
by  the  silk  and  ear.  Again,  the  pistils  are  in  one  plant 
while  the  stamens  are  in  another,  as  in  the  strawberry 
some  plants  of  which  contain  only  male  organs,  and  are 
known  as  staminate,  while  others  contain  only  the  female 
organs,  and  are  called  pistillate.  The  seeds  of  hybrids 
are  usually  imperfect.  Crosses  have  perfect  seeds,  but 
when  planted  do  not  produce  precisely  the  same  kinds  of 
fruit.  Some  may  be  superior,  while  others  are  inferior 
to  the  fruit  of  the  parent  trees.  In  order  to  have  a  better 
chance  of  producing  a  superior  kind  by  crossing,  a  num- 
ber of  flowers  should  be  operated  upon  at  the  same  time. 
The  first  fruit  of  a  tree,  raised  from  a  seed  obtained  by 
crossing,  may  not  be  a  fair  specimen  of  what  it  will  pro- 
duce when  a  few  years  older. 
5 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


SAVING  GIRDLED  TREES. 

It  very  often  happens  that  neglected  trees  are  girdled 
by  mice  or  rabbits  and  die  in  consequence,  unless  connec- 
tion is  restored  between  the  two  portions  of  bark.  All 
such  intruders  are  readily  kept  off  by  making  a  few  ap- 
plications of  the  coal  tar  fruit  tree  wash  described  on 
page  76  during  the  fall  and  winter.     Thick  paper  with 


Fig.  73.— Girdled  tree.  Fig.  74.— Damage  repaired. 

tar  on  the  outside  is  often  tied  around  the  bodies  of  trees 
to  prevent  girdling,  with  good  effect.  In  using  tarred 
paper  it  is  necessary  to  guard  against  getting  much  of  the 
tar  on  the  bark  of  the  tree. 

When  only  partially  girdled,  trees  may  often  be  saved 
by  banking  up  the  dirt  so  as  to  cover  the  wound,  or  by 
surrounding  the  trunk  with  a  plaster  of  clay  and  cow 
dung   mixed  with  water  to  the  consistency  of  mortar, 


SAVING    GIRDLED   TREES.  75 

letting  it  extend  above  and  below  the  wound.  It  is  then 
wrapped  with  some  coarse  fabric  and  kept  moist  during 
dry  weather.  But  when  the  girdling  is  complete — noth- 
ing left  to  connect  the  two  portions  of  bark — it  will  be 
necessary  to  resort  to  another  remedy.  Figs.  73  and  74 
represent  the  girdling,  and  the  repairing  of  the  damage 
by  inserting  scions  of  the  same  kind  of  wood  above  and 
below  the  wound.  Cuts  are  made  in  the  tree  with  a  knife 
or  small  chisel,  and  the  limbs,  with  their  ends  cut  slop- 
ing, inserted,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  The  scions  are  bent 
outward  in  the  middle  and  the  ends  pushed  firmly  into 
the  cuts  so  that  the  edges  of  the  two  portions  of  cut  bark 
will  be  in  contact.  If  too  high  to  be  covered  with  a 
mound  of  earth,  the  whole  should  be  protected  by  an  ap- 
plication of  grafting  wax.  In  cases  of  girdling,  the  tops 
of  the  trees  should  be  pruned  more  or  less  severely  ac- 
cording to  the  extent  of  the  injury.  By  this  process 
valuable  trees  may  often  be  saved  that  otherwise  would 
be  lost. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


COAL  TAR  WASH. 

The  following  wash  is  now  used  by  some  of  our  largest 
and  most  successful  nurserymen  and  fruit  raisers,  both 
North  and  South. 

Wherever  tried  it  is  invariably  pronounced  the  best 
preparation  of  the  kind  ever  used.  In  addition  to  the 
advantages  of  extreme  cheapness,  it  has  tiie  merits  of 
effectually  keeping  off  rabbits,  preventing  the  attacks  of 
borers  and  of  cleansing  the  bark  and  giving  the  tree  a 
bright  healthy  appearance.  Old  peach  orchards,  almost 
entirely  destroyed  by  borers,  have  been  reclaimed  by  its 
use.  It  can  be  prepared  at  nominal  cost ;  its  application 
is  very  easy  and  rapid,  and  the  results  of  its  use  are  very 
beneficial.  It  is  prepared  in  the  following  manner : 
To  two  gallons  of  ordinary  lime  whitewash,  add  one  pint 
of  coal  tar  (not  pine  tar)  and  one  pound  of  potash;  thea 
mix  thoroughly  and  keep  constantly  stirred  while  in  use. 
Apply  to  the  tree  with  a  common  white-wash  brush  at 
least  twice  a  year — early  in  spring  and  fall.  Let  the 
wash  reach  from  the  limbs  to  the  roots;  coal  tar  is  very 
cheap;  one  gallon  can  be  obtained  for  25  cents  or  less,  and 
will  be  worth  many  dollars  to  the  fruit  grower. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


THINNING  AND  GATHERING  FRUIT. 

The  theory  of  thinning  fruit  has  been  reduced  to 
practice  by  some  of  our  most  successful  cultivators  with 
very  happy  effects.  Besides  injuring  the  trees,  over- 
bearing always  tends  to  produce  inferior  and  often 
worthless  fruit.  If  the  largest  size  and  best  quality  of 
fruit  are  desired,  it  is  as  necessary  to  reduce  the  quantity 
on  an  overburdened  tree  as  it  is  to  thin  out  cotton  or 
corn  to  the  proper  stand.  A  good  time  for  thinning  is 
when  the  fruit  is  about  half  grown,  as  much  that  is  de- 
fective can  then  be  detected  and  removed.  By  giving 
every  sound  specimen  of  fruit  plenty  of  room  to  develop, 
and  allowing  no  limb  to  be  burdened  beyond  its  capacity, 
at  gathering  time  the  quantity  of  fruit  will  not  be  ma- 
terially reduced,  the  quality  will  be  greatly  improved, 
and  the  trees  will  be  left  in  a  much  better  condition. 
After  a  good  crop  of  fruit  has  grown,  it  is  often  serious- 
ly damaged  by  careless  gathering.  There  are  numerous 
fruit  pickers  which  are  often  useful,  but  with  good  lad- 
ders of  convenient  lengths,  gathering  can  be  done  well 
and  rapidly  by  hand.  Shaking  to  the  ground  or  threshing 
oflF  with  polls  must  be  avoided  and  the  fruit  carefully 
handled,  not  poured  from  one  vessel  to  another  like 
so  much  dry  grain.  When  properly  handled  and  as- 
sorted according  to  grade,  fruit  will  keep  much  longer 
and  bring  far  better  prices  in  market. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 


CANNING  FRUIT. 

Canning  or  preserving  fruit  in  its  natural  state  in  air- 
tight jars  is  an  excellent  method  of  supplying  the  table 
with  fruit  the  year  round  almost  as  good  as  when  first 
pulled  from  the  tree.  It  is  absolutely  necessary  to  suc- 
cess in  canning  to  use  good  sound  fruit  and  jars  that  can 
be  closed  perfectly  air-tight.  The  fruit  is  prepared  the 
same  as  for  cooking,  sugar  added  if  desired,  and  heated 
more  or  less  according  to  kind.  Strawberries  require 
very  little  cuoking,  but  peaches  must  be  cooked  a  much 
longer  time.  The  jars  are  heated  and  filled  to  the  top 
with  the  hot  fruit  and  sealed  at  once.  All  air  must  be 
excluded.  Jars  are  sometimes  thought  to  be  air-tight, 
when,  if  the  tops  are  turned  down,  the  water  will  es- 
cape. When  properly  canned  and  kept  in  a  cool,  dry 
place,  exposed  to  light  as  little  as  possible,  fruit  will  re- 
main in  a  good  condition  several  years.  It  will  mould 
in  a  damp  cellar. 

As  large  quantities  of  peaches  are  preserved  in  this 
manner,  every  orchard  should  be  supplied  with  trees  of 
the  best  late  varieties.  When  canned  in  the  fall  the 
fruit  escapes  the  trying  heat  of  summer,  which  often 
induces  decay. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


EVAPORATING  FRUIT. 

It  often  happens  that  large  quantities  of  fruit  are 
allowed  to  rot_in  th^  orchard  for  want  of  a  convenient 
way  to  dispose  of  it.  When  shipping  facilities  are  in- 
adequate, and  there  is  not  sufficient  demand  in  the 
home  markets,  drying  in  the  sun  is  often  the  only 
method  of  utilizing  a  valuable  crop  of  fruit.  But  since 
the  introduction  of  patent  evaporators,  of  various  ca- 
pacities and  prices,  there  is  no  excuse  for  the  farmer 
who  lets  a  crop  of  fruit  waste  on  his  hands.  Ths  evapo- 
rator can  be  worked  in  all  kinds  of  weather,  and  the 
product  is  vastly  superior  to  the  wormy,  dark-colored 
fruit  that  is  dried  in  the  sun. 

Retaining  almost  perfectly  the  natural  flavor,  &  gocA 
article  of  evaporated  fruit  can  hardly  be  distinguished 
from  fruit  in  a  fresh  state  when  placed  on  the  table. 
Fancy  grades  sometimes  sell  as  high  as  forty  cents  per 
pound. 

Patent  evaporators  of  various  kinds  are  now  on  the 
market,  all  claiming  special  merits.  By  investigation 
the  purchaser  can  determine  the  kind  and  the  size  best 
adapted  to  his  purpose. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


RENOVATING  OLD  ORCHARDS. 

It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  see  old  neglected  trees 
standing  in  uncultivated  fields,  or,  it  may  be,  outside  of 
any  enclosure,  that  could  be  renovated  by  proper  treat- 
ment, and  made  to  bear  abundant  crops  for  many  seasons. 


Fig.  75.— Old  neglected  tree. 


Fig.  76  —Old  tree  renovated. 


As  it  is  the  work  of  years  to  plant  an  orchard  and  bring 
it  up  to  profitable  bearing,  the  time  and  attention  are 
well  spent  that  restore  fresh  vigor  to  the  enfeebled  trees 
and  impart  to  them  a  new  lease  of  life.  The  principal 
cause  of  the  going  down  in  most  of  our  orchards  is  the 
want  of  cultivation  and  manuring.  Begin  with  the 
pruning  saw  and  remove  all  dead,  crowded  or  crossing 
branches.    Relieve   the  "  hide-bound"  trees  by  scraping 


RENOVATma  OLD  ORCHARDS.  81 

off  the  old  dead  bark,  break  up  the  lodges  of  insects  in 
the  root,  body  or  limbs,  and  make  a  thorough  applica- 
tion of  the  coal  tar  wash.  Examine  the  trees  often  dur- 
ing the  season,  destroying  borers  or  other  insects,  and 
wash  the  body  and  forks  occasionally.  The  root  will 
need  attention  also.  Root-pruning  and  manuring  are 
usually  combined  in  one  process  by  digging  a  trench  a 
foot  or  more  wide  and  a  foot  in  depth  around  the  tree,  at 
a][distance  from  the  stem  of  three-fourths  the  length  of 
the  limbs,  and  filling  it  with  good  compost.  One  of  our 
most  intelligent  horticulturists  recommends  digging 
trenches  around  the  tree  the  width  of  a  spade,  from 
two  to  four  feet  apart,  radiating  from  the  tree  as  repre 


Fig.  77. 

sented  in  Jig.  77,  and  filling  them  with  compost.  After 
a  thorough  overhauling  in  this  way,  the  old  tree,  if  not 
too  much  exhausted,  will  soon  show  signs  of  new  life. 
Andj'if ^manuring,  the  necessary  pruning  and  good  culti- 
vation, are  given  in  after  years,  full  crops  of  fruit  will  be 
the  reward. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


PRESERVING  CUTTINGS. 

It  is  often  necessary  to  prune  trees  in  the  fall  from 
which  cuttings  will  be  wanted  in  the  spring.  These  can 
be  kept  in  good  condition  by  burying  about  two-thirds  of 
their  butt  ends  in  the  ground.  If  the  cuttings  are  placed 
in  the  ground,  under  the  tree  from  which  they  are  taken, 
there  will  not  be  any  danger  of  mistaking  varieties.  Grape 
cuttings  are  often  kept  during  winter  to  be  planted  in 
early  spring  by  burying  them  entirely  in  a  hole  in  the 
open  ground,  and  covering  them  with  several  inches  of 
dirt,  and  placing  a  mound  of  earth  over  the  hole  to  throw 
off  the  water.  Root  grafts  and  cuttings  are  often  kept  in 
a  perfect  condition  during  winter  by  packing  them  away 
in  a  cool  place  in  damp  moss  or  sawdust.  A  mixture  of 
sawdust  and  sand  is  sometimes  used.  Care  must  betaken 
to  retain  only  a  moderate  degree  of  moisture. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


DWARF  TREES. 

While  dwarfs  do  not  deserve  the  rich  encomiums  be- 
stowed upon  them  by  some  writers,  and  can  never  become 
so  popular  or  profitable  as  standard  trees,  they  are  nev- 
ertheless deserving  of  cultivation,  and  if  properly  man- 
aged will  give  satisfactory  results. 


Fig.  78. 

Pears  are  more  extensively  grown  as  dwarfs  than  the 
other  fruits  which  are  mentioned  in  this  chapter.  The 
stock  usually  employed  is  the  Angers  quince,  obtained 
from  France.  When  budded  or  grafted  on  this  stock,  the 
yearling  tree  should  be  cut  back  within  a  foot  of  the 
ground,  and  left  to  obtain  another  year's  growth  befora 
being  transplanted  to  the  orchard.     A   portion  of  the 


^4         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD, 

shoots,  which  spring  from  the  buds  that  are  left  when  the 
top  is  prunned  off,  are  so  managed  as  to  obtain  the 
pyramid  shape  illustrated  in  figure  78,  the  lines  show- 
ing where  the  limbs  should  be  cut.  A  vigorous  branch 
is  left  to  form  a  leader,  and  the  remaining  branches  are 


Fig.  79. 

so  pruned  as  to  be  longest  at  the  base  and  gradually  be- 
coming shorter  towards  the  top.  After  this  system  of  pru- 
ning is  kept  up  a  few  years,  and  all  useless  shoots  are  kept 
cut  away,  being  careful  not  to  let  the  head  become  so 
thick  as  to  exclude  air  and  light,  the  tree  will  assume 
the  appearance  of  figure  79,  and  will  be  ornamental  as 
well  as  useful.  Rich  soil,  careful  cultivation  and  con- 
stant and  systematic  pruning  are  necessary  to  succeed 


DWARF   TREES.  85- 

with  dwarf  pears.  The  trees  are  not  so  long-lived  as  the 
standard,  but  they  bear  very  young  and  can  be  planted 
much  closer  together,  the  spaces  between  standard  trees 
sometimes  being  used  for  them,  as  they  can  be  removed 
when  the  standards  become  of  sufficient  size  to  require 
the  space.  Dwarf  pears  are  usually  planted  deep  enough 
to  cover  the  quince  roots  two  or  three  inches,  and  they 
very  often  take  root  above  the  graft  and  become  stand- 
ard or  half  standard.  In  this  way  the  advantages  of  early 
bearing  are  combined  with  larger  size  and  longer  life. 
Some  kinds  of  pears  do  not  succeed  well  on  the  quince. 
The  Duchesse  d'Angouleme  is  excellent  as  a  dwarf. 
Kinds  which  do  not  take  readily  on  the  quince  are  some- 
times grafted  on  a  pear  which  was  previously  grafted  on 
the  quince.  This  is  called  double  working.  Ordinary 
quince  roots  are  used  as  stocks  for  dwarlSng  the  pear,  but 
the  French  is  better,  well  rooted  stocks  of  which  can  be 
obtained  from  nurserymen  in  this  country  or  in  France. 
The  fruit  of  dwarfs  is  usually  larger  than  the  same  va- 
riety grown  on  standards. 

THE    APPLE 

Is  dwarfed  by  grafting  on  a  wild  species  growing  in 
France,  known  as  the  Paradise  apple.  Another  species,, 
the  Doucain,  is  used  when  dwarf  standards  are  desired. 
Stocks  for  dwarfing  the  apple  and  the  pear  are  raised 
from  layers.  Dwarf  apples  should  be  planted  so  as  to 
leave  the  point  of  union  between  stock  and  scion  even 
with  the  surface  of  the  ground.  To  maintain  their  dwarf 
nature,  they  must  be  carefully  watched  to  prevent  root- 
ing above  the  graft,  which  renders  them  standard.  They 


€6         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

do  not  require  so   much  pruning   as  dwarf  pears,  and 
usually  grow  only  eight  or  ten  feet  high. 


Fig.  80. 

Summer  and  fall  varieties  as  dwarfs  are  preferred  to 
later  kinds,  as  the  dwarf  stock  ceases  vegetation  earlier 
than  the  standard,  and  renders  the  fruit  of  the  winter 
varieties  unfit  for  keeping.  This  class  of  trees  requires 
rich  soil  and  such  cultivation  as  is  necessary  for  garden 
crops. 

THE    CHERRY 

Is  dwarfed  by  grafting  on  a  species  known  as  the 
Mahaleb,  which  adapts  them  much  better  to  our  South- 
ern climate.  The  Mirabelle  plum  is  sometimes  used  as 
a  dwarf  stock  for  peaches  and  plums.  Any  of  the  fore- 
going stocks  may  be  obtained  from  nurserymen. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


THE  CURCULIO. 

The  curculio  or  plum  weevil  attacks  the  apricot,  nec- 
tarine, apple,  cherry,  peach  and  quince,  but  to  the  plum 
it  is  truly  a  relentless    foe.     Figure  81  represents  the 


Fig.  81.— Curculio.  Fig.  82.— Incision  of  curculio  on  plum 

magnified. 

weevil,  which  is  a  dark  colored  insect,  about  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  long,  with  varied  spots,  easily  distinguished 
by  its  peculiar  beak  or  snout,  which  is  bent  between  the 
fore  legs  when  the  insect  is  at  rest.  Early  in  the  Spring 
it  begins  its  depredations  on  the  young  fruit  by  flying  from 
tree  to  tree  and  depositing  eggs  as  shown  in  figure  82. 
After  the  incision  is  made,  the  insect  lays  its  egg  and 
carefully  conceals  it  in  the  cut,  where  it  remains  a  short 
time  and  develops  into  a  white  grub  in  which  state  it 
preys  upon  the  fruit  until  it  drops  to  the  ground.  It 
then  works  its  way  into  the  soil  to  come  forth  in  the  fu- 
ture a  winged  weevil  to  repeat  the  same  process.  One  of 
the  little  pests  will  lay  a  large  number  of  eggs  during 
the  season,  and  so  numerous  do  they  become  if  unmoles- 
ted, that  entire  plum  crops  are  often  destroyed  by  them. 
The  young  crop  may  be  very  promising  in  the  Spring, 
but  it  often  happens  that  not  a  single  specimen  of  fruit 


88         THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

is  left  to  mature  on  a  well  grown  tree.  Many  methods  of 
protection  against  the  enemy  have  been  tried  with  par- 
tial success,  among  them,  smoking  with  the  fumes  of  coal 
tar,  syringing  with  Paris  green  or  other  poisons,  dusting 
with  sulphur  and  lime  and  various  ways  of  entrapping, 
but  perhaps  the  best  results  are  obtained  by  jarring  the 
trees  and  destroying  the  insects  and  stung  fruit  that  fall. 
By  giving  a  sharp,  quick  blow  with  a  mallet  on  the  stub 
of  a  limb  sawed  off,  o^  a  peg  inserted  in  the  tree  to  pre- 
vent bruising,  many  of  the  insects  will  fall",  and  can  be 
caught  on  a  sheet  spread  under  the  tree  for  the  purpose. 
The  jarring  is  commonly  done  early  in  the  morning  or 
just  before  night.  When  hogs  are  turned  under  the  trees 
while  the  fruit  is  dropping,  they  consume  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  grubs,  and  thus  prevent  so  rapid  multiplica- 
tion, but  they  afford  no  immediate  protection.  Trees 
planted  near  the  house,  where  they  will  be  constantly 
tramped  around,  are  comparatively  free  from  attacks  of 
this  troublesome  insect.  To  succeed  in  raising  large 
crops  of  fine  plums,  war  must  be  declared  very  early 
against  the  curculio,  and  waged  unremittingly  until  th& 
fruit  is  gathered. 

If  you  have  never  seen  this  insect,  quietly  approach 
one  of  your  plum  or  nectarine  trees  early  some  morning 
in  May,  give  the  tree  a  quick  rap,  and  you  will  be  likely 
to  enjoy  the  pleasure. 

THE  PEACH  TREE  BORER. 

This  troublesome  insect  attacks  the  peach,  nectarine 
and  apricot,  and  if  left  unmolested  will  in  a  few  years 
become   very  destructive.    Large  orchards  fall  a  prey  to 


THE    PEACH    TREE    BORER. 


its  ravages,  and  even  nursery  trees  do  not  always  escape 
its  attacks.  Its  presence  is  indicated  by  a  trashy  looking 
gum  that  exudes  from  the  tree  about  the  surface  of  the 
ground.    Figures  83  and  84  represent  the  insect  of  the 


Fig.  83 — Male  insect  of  peach  Fig.  84.  —Female  insect  of  peach 

tree  borer.  tree  borer. 

peachtree  borer.  In  summer  these  insects  deposit  eggs 
in  the  bark  of  the  tree  near  the  top  of  the  ground.  The 
eggs  are  hatched  in  a  short  time,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
white  grub  bore  their  way  under  the  bark,  often  girdling 
and  entirely  destroying  the  tree.  The  destruction  of  the 
borers  is  not  very  difficult,  as  they  confine  themselves  to 
the  bark.  All  trees  must  be  carefully  examined  before  they 
are  set  out,  as  borers  often  get  into  them  before  they  are 
taken  from  the  nursery.  In  early  spring  apply  the  coal 
tar  wash,  and  rake  up  a  small  mound  of  earth  around  the 
tree.  As  the  eggs  are  always  deposited  near  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  in  trees  that  are  hilled  up  they  will  be  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  root,  where  they  can  be 
easily  found  and  destroyed.  Besides,  the  bark  several 
inches  above  the  ground  is  harder  than  that  near  the  sur- 
face, and  resists  their  attacks  more  efifectively. 

Let  the  mound  of  earth  remain  till  winter,  then  rake 
it  away  down  to  the  roots,  examine  the  tree  for  borers  and 
make  another  application  of  the  wash.     Do  not  replace 


^0         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

the  dirt  till  early  the  next  spring,  when  the  process  is 
repeated.  In  this  manner  the  tree  can  be  kept  clear  of 
borers. 

APPLE  TREE  BORERS. 

These  borers  are  entirely  distinct  from  the  one  just 
described,  and  as  they  do  not  confine  their  attacks  to  the 
bark,  but  perforate  the  wood  in  all  directions,  are  more 
injurious,  and  not  so  easily  destroyed.  Several  of  them 
will  soon  kill  a  thrifty  tree.  In  summer  the  eggs  are 
laid  by  beetles  on  the  bark  near  the  ground  or  in  the 
forks  or  wounded  places,  and  they  soon  hatch  and  begin 
their  circuit  through  the  tree.  Examine  the  trees  often 
and  kill  the  borers  by  thrusting  a  flexible  wire  into  the 
holes  made  by  them,  or  hunt  them  out  with  a  knife,  in- 
juring the  tree  as  little  as  possible. 

Their  attacks  are  prevented  to  some  extent  by  appli- 
cations of  the  coal  tar  wash  to  the  bodies  and  forks  of  the 
trees. 

THE  APPLE  WORM  OR  CODLING  MOTH. 

This  insect  is  most  injurious  to  the  apple,  but  also  at- 
tacks the  pear. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  blossom  end  of  the  young 
fruit  in  spring.  They  soon  hatch  and  burrow  into  the 
core  of  the  fruit,  which  ripens  prematurely  and  drops  to 
the  ground.  In  about  three  weeks  the  worm  attains  its 
full  size,  and  emerges  from  the  fruit  through  a  hole  which 
it  makes  in  the  side.  It  conceals  itself  under  scales  of 
bark  or  in  other  such  place,  and  in  a  few  weeks  is  trans- 
formed into  a  winged  insect,  which  repeats  the  process  of 


THE    TEXT    CATERPILLAR.  91 

laying  eggs  in  the  young  fruit.  The  fall  brood  does  not 
appear  as  moths  until  spring,  remaining  in  the  cocoons 
during  winter.  As  a  means  of  preventing  the  multiplica- 
tion of  these  insects,  Mr,  Downing  recommends  the 
building  of  bonfires  in  the  orchard  at  night  during 
spring  and  summer.  Many  of  the  moths  and  other  in- 
sects are  destroyed  in  the  flames. 

It  is  very  important  to  wash  and  clean  the  bark  of  the 
■trees  in  early  spring,  and  see  that  no  cocoons  are  left  in 
the  crevices  or  under  the  scales  of  bark. 

All  immature  fruit  that  falls  to  ihe  ground  should  be 
picked  up  at  once.  If  hogs  are  kept  in  the  orchard,  they 
•destroy  many  of  the  worms  by  eating  the  fallen  fruit. 

THE  TENT  CATERPILLAR. 

This  troublesome  insect  often  proves  very  injurious  to 
apple  orchards.  In  summer  a  reddish  brown  moth  lays 
eggs  in  rings,  on  the  branches  of  the  trees,  usually 
in  the  forks  or  near  the  ends  of  the  limbs.  A  single  ring 
•often  contains  several  hundred  eggs.  These  eggs  remain 
till  the  following  spring,  when  they  hatch  and  begin 
their  ravages  upon  the  foliage.  For  several  weeks  they 
feed  voraciously,  and  often  leave  the  trees  almost  bare  of 
leaves.  They  then  spin  their  cocoons,  pass  into  the 
pupa  state,  and  in  a  few  weeks  come  forth  winged  in- 
sects to  lay  eggs  for  the  next  spring's  hatching.  They 
■can  be  destroyed  by  cutting  off  and  burning  the  ends  of 
the  limbs  containing  the  rings  of  eggs,  and  by  raking 
-off  and  killing  all  that  have  hatched  and  spun  their 
webs. 

They  will  be  found  in  their  tents  early  in  the  morning. 


FRUIT   TREES    ADAPTED   TO    PARTICULAR 
LOCALITIES. 


In  all  sections  of  the  United  States  there  are  large  nur- 
series conducted  by  men  of  intelligence  and  experience, 
who  prepare  annual  catalogues  of  much  value  to  fruit 
raisers.  By  reading  these  a  great  deal  will  be  learned 
concerning  the  fruits  adapted  to  particular  localities. 
Every  person  will  learn  something  on  this  subject  by 
observing  the  orchards  in  his  own  vicinity.  There  are 
so  many  varieties  of  fruit  in  cultivation,  that  in  a  book 
of  this  size  only  a  small  portion  of  them  can  be  even  brief- 
ly described ;  but  while  many  good  varieties  are  omitted 
in  the  lists  which  are  given  in  this  work,  they  are  com- 
posed principally  of  well  known  varieties  which  cover 
the  entire  season,  and  will  be  found  sufficient  for  most 
purposes. 


CHAPTER  XXIL 


THE  APPLE. 


This  king  of  fruits,  whose  range  is  almost  unlimited 
has  been  cultivated  and  highly  esteemed ;from  the  most 
remote  period.  It  is  grown  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  some  sections  attains  to  the  highest 
degree  of  excellence.  The  apple  is  propagated  by  bud- 
ding and  grafting  on  its  own  seedlings.  Pieces  of  roots 
are  sometimes  used  as  stocks,  but  this  practice  is  con- 
demned by  some  of  our  most  intelligent  pomologists,  as 
having  a  tendency  to  produce  feeble  and  short-lived  trees. 
Originating  from  a  wild  and  worthless  species,  the  ap- 
ple has,  by  a  long  period  of  amelioration  through  cultiva- 
tion and  reproduction  from  seed,  reached  its  present  de- 
gree of  perfection.  By  planting  a  succession  of  varieties 
and  using  some  care  to  preserve  them,  we  may  have  this 
fruit  fresh  during  the  entire  year.  The  trees  are  rather 
slow  growing,  hardy  and  long-lived,  sometimes  reaching 
the  age  of  one  hundred  or  more  years.  The  apple  will 
succeed  in  almost  any  kind  of  soil,  unless  it  is  very  wet 
or  very  dry  and  sandy,  if  well  cultivated  and  manured. 
In  portions  of  the  South,  the  trees  are  often  injured,  in 
many  instances  totally  destroyed,  by  two  much  exposure 
of  the  bodies  to  the  hot  afternoon  sun.  This  can  to  some 
extent  be  avoided  by  planting  orchards  in  northern  or 
northeastern  exposures,  and  training  the  trees  with  low 
heads,  or  by  setting  up  boards  on  the  southwest  side. 


94 


THE    NURSERY  AND   THE   ORCHARD. 


Two  boards  nailed  together  by  their  edges  at  right  angles 
and  placed  securel}'^  near  the  tree  protect  it  very  effective- 
ly. While  the  apple  is  a  world-renown  fruit,  many  of 
its  varieties  are  exceedingly  local   in  their  habits.     At. 


Siberian  Crabs. 


the  South  we  must  rely  upon  our  native  seedlings  for 
late  fall  and  winter  varieties.  The  finest  Northern  apples 
of  this  class  when  brought  to  the  South  fail  to  mature 
their  fruit,  which  often  drops  off  in  August.  Earlier  fall 
and  summer  varieties  of  Northern  origin  succeed  at  the 


THE    APPLE.  95 

South,  but  they  ripen  much  sooner.  Even  in  the  State 
of  Georgia,  some  varieties  that  succeed  well  in  the  moun- 
tainous regions  are  worthless  lower  down  in  the  State. 

Observation  and  the  experience  of  intelligent  fruit 
raisers  will  often  be  necessary  to  make  a  good  selection  of 
apple  trees.  For  orchards,  vigorous  young  trees  one 
or  two  years  old  from  the  graft  should  be  selected.  They 
are  planted  at  distances  varying  from  twenty  to  thirty 
feet.  When  the  greater  distance  is  adopted,  the  spaces 
between  the  trees  are  usually  filled  with  other  shorter- 
lived  trees,  which  will  be  out  of  the  way  by  the  time  the 
apples  require  the  ground.  When  planted  at  this  dis- 
tance, other  crops  are  cultivated  in  the  orchard  very  con- 
veniently, but  if  the  entire  space  is  to  be  given  up  to  the 
trees,  twenty  feet  apart  each  way  is  a  very  suitable  dis- 
tance. Unless  the  young  fruit  is  killed  by  frosts,  apple 
trees  usually  bear  full  crops  in  alternate  years.  By  thin- 
ning the  young  fruit  in  the  bearing  year  and  giving  the 
trees  liberal  supplies  of  manure,  crops  may  be  had  an- 
nually. The  soil  of  many  apple  orchards  is  so  impover- 
ished that  they  cannot  produce  respectable  crops  even 
in  the  alternate  years.  In  most  soils  lime  and  ashes  are 
needed  in  abundance,  but  almost  any  kind  of  manure 
will  be  found  beneficial,  the  more  the  better.  Of  course, 
no  sensible  person  would  heap  up  a  whole  barrel  of  lime 
around  the  trunk  of  a  single  tree  ;  but  there  is  far  more 
danger  that  the  orchard  will  suffer  from  want  of  manure 
than  from  too  large  a  quanity.  The  kind  of  manure  used 
and  the  condition  of  trees  and  soil  will  determined  how 
much  is  necessary.  It  is  better  to  give  up  the  ground  tO' 
the  trees,  manuring  annually  and  keeping  the  soil  clean 
and  mellow  by  cultivation,  but  if  crops  are  to  be  gather- 


96         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

edfrom  the  orchard,  a  suflScientquantity  of  manure  must 
be  used  to  supply  all  demands  of  both  crop  and  trees. 
After  a  well-shaped,  evenly-balanced  head  has  been  ob- 
tained in  the  apple  tree,  little  pruning  will  be  required, 
other  than  cutting  out  dead  wood  and  crossing  branches, 
or  such  as  interfere  with  each  other's  growth,  and  remov- 
ing suckers  from  the  roots. 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  APPLES. 
SUMMER   VARIETIES. 

In  this  list  of  apples,  the  names  of  the  kinds  most  pop- 
ular in  Georgia  are  in  bold-faced  type.  The  names  in 
italics  are  synonyms. 

Astracban  Red. 

Large,  yellow,  roundish  conical,  covered  with  crimson  J 
flesh  juicy,  crisp  and  tender;  calyx  prominent;  tree 
vigorous  and  prolific,  bears  young ;  ripens  in  May  and 
June ;  an  excellent  early  apple. 

Carolina  Red  June. 

(Red  June.)  Medium,  conical,  deep  red;  flesh  white, 
juicy,  subacid ;  variable  stalk,  in  narrow  cavity ;  basin 
narrow,  with  closed  calyx ;  tree  vigorous,  upright ;  bears 
-early  and  abundantly.     June. 

Carolina    Watson. 

Large,  oblate  conical ;  greenish,  striped  with  red,  and 
dull  red  cheek ;  flesh  white,  subacid,  of  good  quality ; 
tree  very  prolific ;  ripens  in  July. 

Early  Harvest. 

Medium  to  large,  straw  color,  with  white  dots,  round- 
ish, or  roundish  oblate ;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  finely  fla- 


THE    APPLE.  97 

vored  ;  stalk  about  an  inch  long ;  cavity  medium  ;  basin 
shallow;  ripens  in  June;  tree  moderately  vigorous, 
spreading ;  a  very  popular  and  profitable  apple. 

Early  Red  Margaret. 

(Striped  Jwne.)  Below  medium,  rather  flat;  skin  green- 
ish yellow,  with  dark  red  stripes ;  flesh  white,  subacid,  of 
agreeable  flavor ;  tree  a  moderate  bearer ;  June  to  July. 
EARLY  EIPE. 

Similar  to  Early  Harvest,  larger  and  later. 

Family. 

Medium,  oblate  conical;  yellowish,  striped  with  dull 
red ;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,   subacid ;    stalk  short ; 
cavity  large ;  calyx  closed,  in  basin  of  medium   depth  ; 
tree  a  regular  grower  and  prolific.     July  to  August. 
FANNY, 

Large,  roundish,  deep  red,  with  light  dots ;  flesh  white, 
stained  next  the  skin,  tender,  subacid,  pleasant  flavor ; 
small  short  stalk,  in  deep  cavity ;  closed  calyx ;  tree  vig- 
orous and  productive.    July. 

FOURTH  OF  JULY. 

Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  striped   with   red ;    flesh 
white,  subacid ;  tree  a  strong  upright  grower  ;  short  stalk 
in  medium  cavity  ;  calyx  closed.     June. 
GOLDEN  SWEET. 

Large,  roundish,  straw  color ;    flesh   tender,  excellent 
quality;  tree  spreading,  vigorous  and  prolific.     June. 
Hanies. 

Very  large,  roundish  oblate ;  yellow  with  crimson 
■cheek  and  dark  carmine  stripes ;  flesh  white,  coarse,  acid ; 
short  stalk  in  large  cavity ;  calyx  closed,  in  medium  ba- 
sin ;  ripens  in  June.     Origin,  Troup  county,  Ga, 


98         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

Higbtop  Sweet. 

Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  with  green[dots;  flesh  yel- 
low, sweet  and  of  pleasant  flavor ;  stalk  inserted  in  a  deep- 
cavity;  shallow  basin,  with  closed  calyx  j^vigorous,  pro- 
ductive.    June. 

Horse. 

A  popular,  well  known  suromer,fruit. 

Je^vette's  ^Best. 

Large,  oblate, yellowish  green,  with  red  cheek;  flesh 
yellowish,  subacid,  pleasant  flavor;  small  basin,  with 
closed  calyx;  stalk  short,  in  large  cavity;  tree  vigorous. 
August. 

Julian. 

Medium,  conical,  yellow,  with  crimson  stripes;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  tender,  subacid,  highly  flavored;  small 
stalk,  in  deep  basin ;  tree  vigorous,  prolific.     July. 

Kansas  Queen. 

Medium,  yellow,  nearly   covered  with   crimson ;  flesh 
white,  subacid,  firm  and  of  good  quality ;  stalk  short,  in 
deep  cavity;  almost  or  entirely  closed  calyx  in  basin  of 
medium  depth  ;  tree  vigorous  and  productive. 
KNOWLES'  EARLY. 

Small,  roundish  oblate,  greenishfyellow,  with  crimson 
stripes;  flesh  white,  tender,  subacid,  of  good  quality; 
long  stalk ;  closed  calyx ;  tree  moderately  vigorous,  pro- 
lific.    Ripens  with  Astrachan  Red. 

LADY^^ 

Small,  regular,  flat,  yellow  withered  cheek ;  flesh  white, 
tender,  juicy,  and  with  a  pleasant  flavor;  tree  very  pro- 
lific.    August. 


THE  APPLE.  yy 

MAIDEN'S  BLUSH. 
Medium,  yellow,  with  crimson  cheek;  flesh  white,  sub- 
acid, sprightly  ;  tree  a  rapid  grower  and  fine  bearer.  Au- 
gust. 

MOTHER. 
Medium,  roundish,  yellow  ground,  nearly  covered  with 
red ;  flesh   rich,  subacid,    of  good  quality;   short  stalk; 
closed  calyx;  tree  moderately  vigorous,  upright,  prolific. 
Last  of  August. 

Nantahalee. 
Medium,  oblate  conic,  yellowish  green ;   flesh  white, 
tender,  acid  and  of  good  quality  ;  medium  stalk  in  large 
cavity;  small  basin  with  closed  calyx  ;  tree  a  rapid,  strag- 
gling grower.    July. 

Rhodes'  Orange. 

Medium,  conical,  red  on  yellowish  ground  ;  flesh  white, 
subacid  and  of  pleasant  flavor ;  tree  a  slow  grower.  July. 

S^ireet  Bough. 

(Large  Yelloiv  Bough.)  Above  medium,  yellow,  oblong, 
ovate  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  sweet;  tree  moderately  vigor- 
ous and  prolific.     July. 

Sops  of  Wine. 

{Hominy)      Medium,  roundish ;  yellow,  shaded  with 
deep  red  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  very  good ;  small  stalk,  in 
a  narrow  cavity;  calyx  closed,  in  shallow  basin;  tree 
moderately  vigorous  and  a  good  bearer.     June  to  July. 
SUMMER  R08E. 

Below  medium,  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  flesh  tender^ 
juicy,  excellent ;  often  in  clusters ;  short  stalk ;  closed 
calyx,  in  deep  basin ;  tree  vigorous,  bears  early.     July, 


100        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

TET  OF  SKY. 
Medium,  nearly  round,  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  flesh 
white,  juicy,  acid ;   tree  a  regular  and  early  bearer.     A 
Russian  apple.     June. 

WASHINGTON  STRAWBERRY. 

Large,  yellow,  roundish,  conical ;  flesh  yellow,  coarse, 
juicy,  subacid ;  tree  a  regular  and  early  bearer.     June. 

Yellow  May. 

{May  Pijjpin,  Early  May,  White  Juneating.)  Small, 
round,  yellow  ;  flesh  crisp,  and  of  pleasant  flavor ;  tree 
moderately  vigorous  and  productive ;  the  first  of  the  sea- 
son. 

Yelloi;ir  June. 

Medium,  roundish  oblate,  yellow,  with  brown  dots ; 
flesh  white,  sprightly,  subacid,  and  of  good  quality. 
Eipens  with  Red  June. 

AUTUMN  VARIETIES. 
BONUM. 
Medium,    oblate,   yellow,   shaded   •with  crimson,   and 
sprinkled  with  light  dots;  flesh  white,  rich  and  of  fine 
quality ;  tree   upright   spreading  a  strong  grower,  and 
early  and  abundant  bearer.     Origin,  North  Carolina. 
Biickingliam. 
(Equinetely).     Large,  oblate,   yellow,   with  red  cheek, 
and  light  brown  dots  ;  flesh  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  subacid; 
closed  calyx,  in   deep   basin;  tree   vigorous   and   bears 
young.     Last  September. 


THE    APPLE.  101 

Carter's  Blue. 

Very  large,  roundish  oblate  greenish,  washed  with 
dull  red,  covered  with  a  blue  Moom ;  flesh  yellow,  su- 
gary, aromatic ;  tree  an  upright  grower  and  early  bearer. 
September. 

COLVERT. 

Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with  dull  red; 
flesh  whitish,  juicy,   subacid  and  ©f  fair  quality;  tree 
vigorous  and  very  productive.     September. 
Disbaroen. 
Medium  to  large,  conical,  greenish,  with  gray  dots ; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  subacia  and  of  pleasant  flavor ; . 
origin,  Habersham  county,  Georgia;  tree  a  strong,  up- 
right grower,  productive.    October. 

Elgin  Pippin. 

Very  large,  oblate,  orange,  with  gray  dots;  flesh  yellow, 
crisp,  subacid,  of  good  quality;  open  calyx,  in  deep  ba- 
sin ;  tree  a  strong  grower.     August  and  September. 
GOLDEN  RUSSET. 

Medium,  yellowish,  nearly  covered  with  russet,  with  a 
bronzed  cheek ;  flesh  whitish,  compact,  subacid ;  stalk 
short,  in  cavity  of  medium  depth ;  closed  calyx,  in  broad 
basin  ;  tree  a  thrifty,  irregular  grower,  and  early  bearer. 
October. 

GraFenstein. 

Large,  flattened,  yellow,  marbled  with  red  and  orange  ; 
flesh  tender,  aromatic,  of  fine  flavor ;  short  stalk ;  deep 
basin,  with  closed  calyx;  tree  a  strong  grower,  spreading, 
bears  young.    September. 


102        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

Greeii  Clieese. 

Medium,  oblate,  greenish  yellow,  with  brown  dots; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  subacid;  cavity  deep,  calyx  closed; 
tree  moderately  vigorous,  prolific.  A  good  keeper.  Last 
of  September. 

Grimes'  Golden  Pippin. 

Medium,  roundish    oblate,  yellow,    with   light    dots ; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  crisp,  aromatic;  tree  vigorous,  pro- 
lific, upright  spreading.     September  and  October. 
HOOVER. 

Medium,  roundish  oblate,  dark  red;  flesh  3'ellow,  firm, 
juicy,  subacid  and  of  good  flavor ;  tree  upright  spread- 
ing, with  large  foliage;  origin  South  Carolina.  Septem- 
ber and  October. 

HUNGE. 

Large,  roundish,  pale  green,  with  a  brown  blush  ;  flesh 
tender  and  juicy;  good  for  drjnng  and  cooking;  tree 
rapid  grower  and  prolific.     Early  autumn. 

LiRurens  Greening. 

Large,  oblate,  greenish;  flesh  white,  acid  and  of  pleas- 
ant flavor  ;  tree  a  strong  grower ;  origin  Laurens  county, 
Georgia.     September 

Mamma. 

Large,  oblate,  red  ;  flesh  yellow,  subacid,  of  fine  flavor  ; 
tree  a  strong,  compact  grower.     October. 
Oconee  Greening. 

Large,  roundish,  yellow,  with  scattering  russet  dots; 
flesh  yellow,  crisp,  aromatic,  subacid ;  basin  shallow,  with 


THE    APPLE.  103 

open  calyx  ;  stalk  short,  in  a  deep  cavity;  tree  a  strong 
grower,  prolific ;  origin  Georgia,  September  and  Octo- 
ber, 

Red  Winter  Pearniaiu. 

(Buncombe.)  Large,  oblong,  yellowish  white,  nearly  cov- 
ered with  carmine  ;  flesh  yellow,  nearly  sweet,  and  of  ex- 
cellent quality ;  very  short  stalk,  in  deep  cavit}' ;  calyx 
closed  ;  tree  an  upright  grower  and  regular  bearer.  Last 
of  September, 

ROXBURY  RUSSET. 
Large,   roundish,    brownish  yellow ;    flesh     greenish, 
moderately  juicy,   subacid,  and   of    good  quality ;    tree 
spreading,  very  prolific.     October, 

Sininions'  Red. 
Large,  oblate,  red,  on  yellow  ground;  flesh  yellow,  su- 
gar}', aromatic ;  tree  vigorous  and  upright  grower  and 
early  bearer,    June  to  September. 
Taunton. 
Rather  large,  conical,  greenish  yellow,  with  red  cheek  ; 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  acid,  fine  flavor  ;  deep  cavity ;  closed 
calyx  ;  tree  vigorous  and  prolific,  but  a  straggling  grower. 
First  of  September. 

WINE. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish  oblate,  red,  on  a  yellow 
ground;  flesh  crisp,  juic)'',  vinous  and  of  pleasant  flavor ; 
tree  thrifty,  prolific,  has  small  leaves  and  a  spreading 
head.     September. 

Yopp's  Favorite. 

Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  with  a  few  russet 


104        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

dots ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  subacid  ;  stalk  short,  in  deep 
cavity;  open  calyx  in  deep  basin;  tree  moderately  vig- 
orous, upright  spreading,  prolific.  September  and  Oc- 
tober. 

WINTER  VARIETIES. 

Ben  Davis. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  with  crim- 
son cheek ;  flesh  white,  tender,  subacid,  of  pleasant  fla- 
vor ;  calyx  partially  open,  in  broad  basin ;  deep  cavity^ 
with  slender  stalk ;  tree  strong  grower,  prolific,  early 
bearing ;  excellent  keeper. 

Black.  Twig. 

Medium,  oblate,  yellow,  shaded  with  red,  and  sprinkled 
with  brown  dots ;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  subacid,  of 
good  quality;  tree  vigorous,  with  an  open  spreading 
head,  and  a  regular  bearer.  Supposed  to  have  originated 
in  Tennessee.     November. 

Black.  \Tarrior. 

Medium,  roundish,  green  with  scattering  brown  dots  ; 
flesh  white,  firm,  subacid,  and  of  good  quality.  A  good 
keeper  ;  tree  prolific.     October. 

Cannon  Pearnaaiu. 

Medium,  conical,  yellow,  shaded  red,  with  grayish  dots; 
flesh  firm,  yellow,  subacid,  of  very  good  quality ;  open 
calyx,  in  deep   basin;  small  cavity  with  short  stalk; 
keeps  well;  tree  a  stiong  grower,  spreading, prolific. 
Clarke   Pearmain. 

Medium,  oblate,  greenish  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 


THE    APPLE.  105 

red,  and  russet  dots;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  subacid,  good 
quality  ;  closed  calyx,  in  small  basin  ;  tree  a  slow  grower, 
prolific.     November. 

Chattalioocliee. 
Medium,  greenish,  with  a  red  cheek ;  fiesh  yellowish, 
tender,    of  pleasant    flavor;  calyx  partially  open,  in  a 
large,  deep  basin  ;tree  upright  grower,  vigorous  and  pro- 
lific.    November. 

Ciillasaga. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 
dark  crimson,  and  whitish  dots;  flesh  yellow,  subacid,  of 
good  quality ;  open  calyx,  in  shallow  basin  ;  tree  a  good 
grower  and  prolific.     November. 

EdTrards. 

Below  medium,  oblate,  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  fiesh 
firm,  juicy,  and  of  fair  quality;  tree  moderately  vigorous 
and  productive.    Origin,  North  Carolina. 

EtoTvali. 

Medium,  conical,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  bright 
red ;  flesh  whitish,  crisp,  sweet,  of  pleasant  flavor  and 
good  quality ;  half  open  calyx  in  very  deep  basin  ;  short 
stalk,  in  deep  cavity  ;  tree  moderately  vigorous,  upright 
grower,  a  regular  and  abundant  bearer. 

Hockett's  Sweet. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish  oblate,  deep  red  on  yellow 
ground ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  crisp,  sweet ;  of  good 
quality;  tree  prolific.     Origin,  North  Carolina.     October. 

He^wres'  Virginia  Cralj. 

Very  small,  roundish,   dull   red  with  white   specks  . 


106        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

flesh  fibrous,  acid,  astringent ;  tree  small,  healthy,  and 
remarkably  prolific ;  one  of  the  best  cider  apples. 

Kittageskee. 

Medium,  oblate,  yellow  with  dark  colored  dots ;  flesh 
yellow,    tender,    subacid,    of    good    quality ;    partially 
closed  calyx,  in  shallow  basin  ;  short  stalk,  in  broad  cav- 
ity ;  tree  of  strong,  spreading  growth.     November. 
LIMBER  TWIG. 

Medium,  oblate,  shaded  and  striped  with  crimson> 
sprinkled  with  light  dots  ;  flesh  white,  rather  firm,  juicy^ 
subacid,  of  fair  quality ;  cavity  deep ;  basin  small,  with 
closed  calyx  ;  tree  moderately  vigorous,  prolific.  Novem- 
ber. 

Manguiu. 

Medium,  oblate,   yellow,  with  red  shade   and  bronze 
dots;  flesh  yellow,  very  tender  and  juicy;  tree  moder- 
ately vigorous  and  productive.     October. 
MASON'S  STRANGER. 

Medium,  oblate,  yellow,  with  a  light  red  cheek  and 
brown  dots ;  flesh  white,  compact,  crisp,  nearly  sweet,  of 
good  quality  ;  tree  a  strong  grower,  a  regular  and  abun- 
dant bearer;  open  calyx,  in  deep  basin;  origin,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Maverick's  S^veet. 

Large,  oblate,  greenish  yellow,  with  dark  red  cheek  and 
gray  dots;  flesh  yellow, rather  coarse, sweet;  calyx  open, 
in  deep  basin  ;  tree  a  good  grower  and  early  bearer ;  orig- 
inated in  Pendleton,  South  Carolina.     October. 

Mountain  Sweet. 

Large,    roundish    oblate,   yellow  ground,  small    dots;. 


THE   APPLE  107 

flesh  white,  tender,  sweet,  of  good  quality ;  origin,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Nickajack. 

Large,  roundish,  shaded  with  red  and  having  a  gray- 
ish appearance;  flesh  yellow,  rather  firm,  of  only  fair 
quality  ;  large  cavity ;  partially  open  calyx,  in  medium 
basin;  tree  upright  spreading,  vigorous  and  prolific; 
best  for  mountain  region ;  origin,  North  Carolina.  No- 
vember. 

PRYOR'S  RED. 

Medium  to  large,  red,  with  light  colored  dots  and  rus- 
set ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid,  of  pleasant  flavor  ;  closed 
calyx,  in  a  small  basin ;  tree  moderately  vigorous  and 
producti  ve.     November. 

RAWLE'8  JANET. 
Large,  conical,  yellowish,  shaded  with  red,  striped  with 
crimson  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid,  of  pleasant  flavor  ; 
partially  open  calyx,  in  a  shallow  basin  ;  tree  a  strong, 
spreading  grower  and  good  bearer  ;  origin,  Virginia. 

Roniauite. 

Small  to  medium,  conical,  red,  with  light  dots  on  yel- 
low ground  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid,  of  good  quality  ; 
tree  of  vigorous,  spreading  growth,  prolific;  by  some, con- 
sidered identical  with  Shockley.     October. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Large,  roundish,  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  bright 
red ;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  subacid,  of  good  quality  ;  cavity 
deep;  partially  open  calyx,  in  deep  basin ;  tree  moder- 
ately vigorous  and  productive  ;  origin,  Ohio.  October 
and  November. 


108        THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  OKCHARb. 

Sauta. 

Medium  to  large,  oblate,  light  yellow  and  russet ;  flesh 
yellowish,  tender,  subacid,  of  fair  quality ;  popular  in 
some  localities;  supposed  to  have  originated  in  White 
county,  Georgia;  tree  a  spreading  and  moderately  vig- 
orous grower.     October. 

Shockley. 

Small  to  medium,  conical,  yellow,  with  a  bright,  red 
cheek ;  flesh  crisp,  juicy,  of  fair  quality ;  shallow  ba- 
sin, with  partially  closed  calyx ;  long  stalk  in  a  deep 
cavit}';  tree  a  vigorous,  upright  grower,  very  prolific,  bears 
young ;  a  good  keeper  and  very  popular  in  some  sections ; 
origin,  Georgia.     October. 

Steptiensoii's  Winter. 

Medium  to  large,  oblate,  greenish  yellow,  covered  with 
brown;  flesh  whitish,  firm,  juicy,  subacid,  of  good  qual- 
ity ;  calyx  open  ;  stalls  long ;  tree  a  moderate  grower  and 
regular  bearer;  a  good  keeper;  origin, Mississippi. 
Striped  Winter  Pearmain. 

Large,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  a  shade  of  red, 
sprinkled  with  gray  dots ;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  tender, 
subacid,  of  good  quality ;  small  calyx  in  broad  basin : 
short  stalk,  in  large  cavity;  tree  vigorous,  spreading, 
prolific.     November. 

STUMP. 

Medium,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  red;  flesh  white, 
crisp,  tender,  subacid ;  calyx  partially  open ;  tree  a  mod- 
erate grower,  spreading,  prolific.     October. 

Waugli'3  Crab. 

Small,   conical,  red;  flesh   whitish,  firm,   subacid,  of 


THE   APPLE.  109 

good  quality  ;  tree  a  strong  grower,  prolific ;  a  good  cider 
apple. 

Wine  Sap. 

Medium,  oblong,  dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  of,^fine 
flavor;  tree  an  irregular  grower,  bears  early;  a  good 
keeper,  and  excellent  for  cider ;  should  be  in  every  or- 
chard. 

Yates. 

Small,  oblate,  dark  red,  with  small  white  dots ;  flesh 
white,  firm,  juicy,  and  of  pleasant  aroma;  tree  an  up- 
right grower  and  very  prolific ;  an  excellent  keeper  and 
one  of  the  best  cider  apples ;  origin,  Georgia. 
YELLOW  NEWTON  PIPPIN. 

(Albemarle  Pippin.)     Large,  roundish,    yellow,    some- 
times with  red  cheek ;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  acid,  of  j5leasant 
flavor ;  tree  a  slow  grower  ;  good  bearer. 
YORK  IMPERIAL. 

Medium,  roundish,  whitish,  shaded  with  crim8on,'^a 
few  gray  dots;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid,  very  good; 
tree  a  fair  grower  and  bearer ;  closed,  or  partially  opea 
calyx,  in  deep  basin. 

CRAB  APPLES. 

The  crabs  in  the  following  list  are  both  ornamental 
and  useful : 

Red  Siberian. 
Yellow  Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
Golden. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


THE  APRICOT. 

This  excellent  fruit,  partaking  of  the  nature  both  of 
the  peach  and  the  plum,  is  hardy  south  of  the  43d  de- 
gree of  latitude  in  this  country,  and  should  find  a  place 


Fig.  86. — Moorpark  Apricot. 

in  every  collection  of  fruit  trees.  The  native  countiy  of 
the  apricot  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  cultivated  largely  in 
both  Europe  and  Asia.     The  stone  is  smooth  like  that  of 


THE   APRICOT.  Ill 

the  plum,  but  the  flavor  is  more  like  that  of  the  peach. 
Its  large  white  blossoms  appear  early  in  spring,  and 
render  the  tree  very  attractive,  but  the  young  fruit  is 
often  killed  by  frost.  The  apricot  should  be  planted  near 
the  house  with  a  northern  exposure,  as  a  protection 
against  the  frosts  of  early  spring.  It  is  propagated  by 
budding  or  grafting  on  the  peach,  almond,  plum,  or  its 
own  roots.  The  plum  is  by  some  considered  the  b^st 
stock,  especially  so  when  the  trees  are  to  be  planted  on 
heavy  soil,  but  peach  stocks  are  generally  preferred. 
Hardy  and  productive  trees  are  sometimes  raised  from 
the  seed.  The  directions  given  for  cultivating,  manuring, 
pruning  and  training  the  peach  apply  as  well  to  the 
apricot. 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  VAEIETIES. 

BREDA. 
Small,  roundish,  sometimes  rather  four-sided,  one  of 
the  best  varieties ;  free  stone,  yellow  flesh,  ripens  early. 
Originated  in  Africa. 

BLACK. 

Small  and  round,  resembling  a  dark  round  plum  ;  skin 
pale  red  in  the  shade,  but  reddish  purple  in  the  sun,  cov- 
ered with  slight  down ;  flesh  red  next  the  skin,  yellow 
near  the  stone,  adhering  to  the  stone  somewhat,  juicy 
and  pleasantly  flavored ;  very  hardy,  small  oval  foliage. 
June. 

EARLY  GOLDEN. 

f  Free  stone,  medium  size,  roundish  oval,  skin  light 
orange,  flesh  yellow  and  juicy;  tree  vigorous  grower; 
ripens  early  in  June. 

HEMSKIRKE. 

Large,  roundish,    resembles    Moorpark;  orange   skin 


112        THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

with  crimson  cheek  ;  flesh  rich  and  juicy ;  stone  small ; 
ripens  earlier  than  the  Moorpark. 
KAISHA. 

Medium,  roundish,  light  yellow,  mottled  with  red  in 
the  sun;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  parting  freely 
from  the  stone ;  tree  tender  and  unhealthy ;  a  variety 
from  Syria.     Season  medium. 

LARGE  EARLY 

Medium,  oblong  and  compressed ;  suture  deep ;  skin 
orange,  with  spotted  cheek,  slightly  downj--  •  flesh  orange, 
juicy,  sweet,  and  separates  readily  from  the  stone  ;  tree 
vigorous  and  productive.     Season  early. 

ILARGE  RED. 

Large,  deep  orange  red;  flesh  rich  and  juicy,  separat- 
ing freely  from  the  stone ;  tree  hardy ;  a  variety  of  Peach 
apricot.     Season  medium. 

MOORPARK. 

Large,  roundish,  skin  orange  in  the  shade,  deep 
orange  or  brownish  red  in  the  sun,  with  numerous  dots 
and  specks  ;  flesh  bright  orange,  firm,  very  juicy,  sepa- 
rating freely  from  the  stone.  A  fine  variety,  very  popu- 
lar and  widely  disseminated  in  this  country;  ripens  late. 
ORANGE. 

Medium,  roundish,  orange,  with  a  ruddy  tint  in  the 
sun  ;  flesh  yellow,  tolerably  juicy,  does  not  separate  en- 
tirely from  stone.  Small  stone,  roundish ;  season  me- 
dium. 

lEACH. 

Hounaisn,  ver]/-  large,  skin  orange,  with  deep  orange 
cheek,  spotted  with  brown,  resembles  the  Moorpark,  only 
a  little  larger,  and  ripens  about  the  time  of  it;  flesh 
very  rich  and  juicy.  One  of  the  best  apricots  that  we 
have.    July. 

ROYAL. 

Large,  roundish  oval ;  skin  yellow  ;  flesh  light  orange, 
firm,  juicy,  delicious,  slightly  vinous.     Season   medium. 


THE   APRICOT.  113 

ROMAN. 

Size  medium;  skin  pale  yellow,  sometimes  dotted  with 
red  in  the  sun ;  flesh  dull  yellow,  soft,  dry  ;  stone  obloag, 
with  bitter  kernel.  The  blossoms  will  bear  a  severe  frost 
without  injury.  One  of  the  largest  growing  and  hardiest 
apricots  we  have. 

RUSSIAN. 
Very  valuable,  being  productive  and  of  good  quality 
and  ripening  early ;  tree  hardy. 

SHIPLEYS, 
(^Blenheim).     Small   or    medium   size ;    skin    orange ; 
flesh   deep   yellow,  juicy  and   moderately   rich;    store 
roundish  with  bitter  kernel ;  growth  vigorous  but  slen- 
der.    Early  variety. 

ST.  AMBROISE. 

Large,  early  ;  color  yellow,  reddish  next  the  sun;  flesh 
juicy,  sweet  and  rich.     Almost  the  size  and  earlier  than 
the  Moorpark  ;  season  medium. 
TURKEY. 

Roundish,  of  medium  size,  yellow,  with  brownish 
orange  cheek ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  slightly  acid ;; 
freestone.    Season  late. 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

THE   BLACKBERRY 

Is^indigenous  to  this  country  and  at  the  South  grows 
wild  in  great  profusion.  On  account  of  the  abundant 
supplies  of  this  berry,  which  may  be  gathered  from  our 
old  fields,  it  has  been  cultivated,  in  most  sections  of  the 
Southern  States,  to  a  very  limited  extent.  The  fruit  is 
very  valuable,  being  used  for  cooking  in  various  ways, 
evaporating,  wine-making,  etc.     It  is  much  improved  by 


Pig.  87.— Wilson's  Early.  Fig.  88  — Kittattinny. 

■cultivation,  requiring  about  the  same  pruning  as  the 
raspberry.  The  propagation  from  suckers  and  root  cut- 
tings is  very  easy  and  rapid.  White  varieties  of  this 
fruit  are  sometimes  found  growing  wild  among  the  blacks. 
While  something  of  a  novelty,  the}^  are  of  no  especial 
value.     The  fruit  of  the  trailing  dewberry  is  superior  to 


THE   BLAEBERRY.  115 

that  of  the  high  bushes,  and  ripens  several  days  earlier. 
Of  the  improved  kinds,  Wilson's  Early  and  Kittattinny 
are  among  the  best.  Even  at  the  South  a  rich  spot  of 
ground  planted  in  the  best  varieties  of  blackberries,  prop- 
erly pruned  and  cultivated,  gives  very  satisfactory 
results. 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

LAWTON. 

{New  Eochelle.)  Large,  oval,  very  black  when  fully 
ripe;  quite  sweet  and  juicy,  rather  soft  and  tender;  the 
granules  are  larger,  consequently  the  fruit  is  less  seedy 
than  any  other  kind;  of  vigorous  growth,  strong  spines, 
hardy  and  very  productive. 

WILSON'S  EARLY. 

Large,  oblong,  oval,  black  ;  flesh  firm,  sweet ;  growth 
trailing  somewhat ;  hardy,  productive ;  said  to  be  the 
earliest  variety  yet  introduced;  valuable  for  market. 
May  and  June. 

CRYSTAL   WHITE. 
Medium,  oblong,  creamy   white,   translucent;    sweet, 
ver^  good ;  vigorous  grower,  suckers   freely,  not  hardy ; 
desirable  simply  as  a  curiosity. 

DORCHESTER. 
Large,  oblong,  conic,  glossy  black  ;    sweet  and  highly 
flavored ;    high  bush;  a  vigorous   grower,  heavy  bearer ; 
before  they  are  gathered,  the  berries  should  be  fully  ma- 
tured. 

HOOSAC   THORNLESS. 
Medium,  fine  quality,  hardy  and  prolific ;  almost  thorn- 
less;  a  very  promising  variety. 

KITTATTINNY. 
Very  large,  roundish,  conical,  rich  shining  black,  mod- 
erately firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  luscious;  canes  hardy  and 
productive,  ripening  early  and  continuing  a  long  time. 
The  best  variety  for  general  planting,  either  for  home  use 
•or  market. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


THE   CHERRY. 

The  cherry,  which  came  originally  from  Asia,  is  es- 
teemed both  for  its  fruit  and  its  shade.  In  some  coun- 
tries large  numbers  of  the  trees  are  planted  along  the 
road-side,  from  which  the  traveler  gathers  the  fruit  at 
pleasure.  The  wood  is  susceptible  of  a  high  degree  of 
polish,  and  is  considered  very  valuable.  The  cherry  is 
divided  into  two  distinct  classes.  The  trees  of  the  first 
class,  which  comprises  the  Hearts  and  Bigarreaus,  are  of 
very  vigorous  growth,  with  luxuriant  foliage,  spreading 
branches  and  drooping  leaves,  while  the  fruit  is  of  heart- 
shape,  sweet  and  tender.  Of  the  second  class,  which 
comprises  the  Dukes,  Morelloes  and  common  Pie  cherries, 
the  trees  are  smaller  and  of  more  compact  growth,  and 
the  fruit  decidedly  acid.  The  cherry  is  propagated  by 
budding  and  grafting  on  seedling  stocks.  For  standard 
trees,  stocks  are  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Mazzard, 
a  very  free  growing  sort ;  but  as  standards  do  not  succeed 
in  the  warmer  portions  of  the  Southern  States,  seed- 
lings of  the  Mahaleb  or  Perfmued  cherry  are  used,  as 
they  dwarf  the  growth,  thus  inducing  fruitfulness,  and 
they  succeed  on  a  greater  variety  of  soils  than  the  standard 
stocks.  Plant  the  seeds  in  fall;  they  can  be  kept  till 
spring,  but  if  sprouting  begins  before  they  are  planted, 
there  is  danger  of  their  being  lost.     The  seeds  should  be 


THE    CHERRY.  117 

covered  lightly,  and  if  the  ground  is  liable    to  become 
crusted  on  top,  a  light  mulch  of  some  kind  should  be 


Fig.  89— Earlj'  Richmond  Cherry. 

used.     The  cherry  is  grafted  very  early,  before  the  buds 
begin   to  swell.     It  succeeds  best  on  dry  soils  of  only 


118        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

moderate  fertility,  and  requires  very  little  pruning. 
When  large  limbs  are  cut,  gum  exudes  from  the  wound 
which  often  induces  decay.  Start  the  trees  while  young 
with  short  bodies  and  well  balanced  heads,  and  when 
grown  little  pruning  will  be  necessary.  A  few  trees  of 
common  Pie  cherry,  planted  in  hard  ground  near  the 
house,  will  usually  give  large  quantities  of  fruit  of  fair 
quality  ;  but  do  not  rely  on  these  entirely ;  plant  some 
of  the  improved  kinds  also. 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

Dukes  and  Morelloes. 

BELLE  DbCHOISY. 

Round  or  slightly  depressed ;  amber  colored,  mottled 
with  red;  skin  very  thin;  stalk  short  and  swollen  at 
the  upper  end;  flavor  mild,  subacid ;  trees  make  a  fino 
pyramid ;  need  good  cultivation.  Originated  in  France. 
May  and  June. 

BELLE    MAGNIFIQUE. 
Large,  roundish,   bright  red;  stalk  long,  slender,  in- 
open,  medium  cavity ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  subacid ;  tre® 
hardy  ;  moderately  vigorous,  productive.     June. 
CARNATION. 
Large,  round,  yellowish  white,  mottled  with  red ;  stalk 
stout ;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  moderate,  but  regular  bearer  ; 
foliage  large,  wood  strong ;  fruit  hangs  a  long  while  on 
the  branches.     Season  of  ripening  medium. 
EARLY  RICHMOND. 

Medium  dark  red ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  sprightly,  very 
good  ;  tree  a  splendid  grower,  with  roundish,  spreading 
head,  exceedingly  productive  ;  one  of  the  most  hardy  va- 
rieties ;  fine  for  cooking  purposes.     May. 


THE   CHERRY.  IID* 

EMPRESS  EUGENIE. 
Large,   roundish,   flattened,   dark   red;   suture  broad, 
shallow  ;  stalk  short  in  deep  cavity  ;  flesh  red,  tender  and 
juicy,  very  good  ;  dwarf  in  habit ;  shoots  stout,  very  pro- 
ductive.   May  and  June. 

ENGLISH  MORELLO. 
Large,  round,  heart-shaped,  dark  red ;  flesh    dark  red, 
tender,  juicy,  subacid  flavor;  very  productive,  valuable 
for  preserves,  a  very  fine  fruit.     May  and  June. 

MAY    DUKE. 

Large,  roundish,  red,  almost  black   when  ripe ;  flesh 
reddish,  tender  and  melting,  excellent  flavor  at  matur- 
ity ;  tree  very  hardy,  early,  though  often  varying  in  its 
season  of  ripening.     Origin  France.     May. 
OLIVET. 

Large,  globular,  bright,  deep  red  ;  flesh  red,  tender, 
rich  and  vinous  ;  it  possesses  the  fertility  of  the  best  of 
Duke  tribe,  and  is  the  largest,  perhaps,  of  that  class.  Of 
French  origin,  said  to  be  very  early,  and  to  ripen  over  a 
long  period. 

REINE  HORTENSE. 

Very  large,  roundish,  skin  bright  red,  slightly  mot- 
tled ;  suture  distinctlv  marked  by  a  line  without  any 
depression ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  subacid,  delicious;  tree 
healthy,  productive,  very  handsome.  French  origin,  of 
Duke  habit.     Medium  season. 

ROYAL  DUKE. 

Large,  roundish,  and  oblat6  or  flattened ;  skin  dark  red; 
flesh  reddish,  tender,  very  juicy,  good ;  of  upright  growth, 
compact  head,  branches  less  slender  than  Mayduke; 
moderate  bearer. 

HEART  AND  BEGARREAU. 

AMERICAN   AMBER. 
Medium,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  slightly  indented  at 
the  apex ;  skin  thin,  light  amber,  mottled  with  red ; 


120        THE  NURSERY  AND  THB  ORCHARD. 

stalk  long  and  slender,  inserted  in  narow  cavity ;  flesh 
tender,  sprightly;  tree  vigorous  and  productive,  raiseu 
by  Daniel  Bloodgood,  of  Flushing,  Long  Island.    June. 

BAUMANNO'S  MAY. 
Small,  heart-shaped  ;  deep  red,  very  dark  when  fully 
xipe  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  three-fourths  long,  set  in  narrow 
cavity;  flesh  purplish,  tender,  juicy ;  growth  vigorous, 
very  productive,  of  good  quality,  of  foreign  origin,  early 
in  the  season. 

BLACK  EAGLE. 
Large,  dark  red,  nearly  black,  excellent  quality  ;  flesh 
deep   purple,   tender,   highly    flavored ;  stalk    medium 
length  and  rather  slender;  branches  strong,   with  large 
leaves ;  moderate  bearer. 

BLACK    HEART. 

Large,  heart-shaped,  little  irregular,  dark  crimson,  al- 
most black  ;  flesh  tender,  highly  flavored;  growth  hardy  ; 
an  old  variety  everywhere  esteemed. 
BLACK  TARTARIAN. 

Large,  heart-shaped,  irregular  and  uneven  on  the  sur- 
face, black  ;  flesh  purplish,  thick,  half  tender,  rich,  juicy; 
tree  vigorous  growth,  bears  well,  very  popular.  It  is  a 
Russian  and  West  Asian  variety,  introduced  into  Eng- 
land about  1796,  and  brought  into  this  country.  May 
and  June. 

BOWYER'S  EARLY  HEART. 

Medium,  obtuse,  heart-shaped ;  amber  shade  and  mot- 
tled with  red ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  very  hardy 
and  prolific ;  excellent  for  culinary  purposes.     May. 
CLEVELAND. 

Large,  round,  heart-shaped';  suture  broad,  almost 
round;  bright  red,  on  yellowish  ground;  flesh  fine  and 
juicy ;  thrifty  grower,  spreading,  productive  and  a  fine 
fruit.    Raised  by  Professor  J^P.  Kirtland. 


THE    CHERRY.  121 

COE'S  TRA.NSPARENT. 
Medium,  remarkably  round  and  regular  in  form;  am- 
ber and  red;  meat   tender,  very  sweat  and  juicy;  tree 
vigorous  and   hardy,  with  round  and  spreading  head. 
May. 

EARLY  LAMAURIE. 

Large,  purple,  flesh  rich,  very  juicy,  excellent,  similar 
to  early  purple  Guigne,  but  earlier  and  a  better  tree. 
May. 

ELTON. 

Large,  heart-  shaped,  pointed ;  skin  thin,  pale  yellow 
cheek  mottled  with  red  next  the  sun  ;  flesh  firm,  nearly 
tender  and  quite  juicy  ;  tree  vigorous,  readily  known 
when  in  foliage  by  the  dark  red  color  of  the  foot  stalks  of 
the  leaves.     Last  of  May. 

FLORENCE. 

Large,  heart-shaped,  amber,  mottled  with  red ;  flesh 
amber  color,  firm,  rich  and  sweet,  very  good  ;  stone  small. 
Originally  brought  from  Florence,  Italy  ;  fruit  hangs  on 
the  tree  a  long  time,  will  keep  several  days  after  gath- 
ering.    June. 

GOVERNOR  WOOD. 

Large,  heart-shaped,  pale  yellow,  marbled  with  red ; 
flesh  nearly  tender,  juicv,  sweet,  of  excellent  flavor;  tree 
vigorous,  forming  a  regular  head,  prolific.     May. 
IDA. 

Medium,  conical,  compressed,  suture  slight ;  whitish 
yellow,  almost  covered  with  red ;  stalk  medium  length, 
slender,  inserted  in  large,  deep  cavity;  flesh  tender, 
juicy  ;  tree  very  vigorous,  hardy,  upright,  profuse  bearer. 
June. 

KIRTLAND'S  MAVtMO TH. 
Large,  heart-shaped,  bright  yellow,  maibled  with  red; 
flesh  nearly  tender,  sweet  and  juicy  ;  tree  vigorous,  but 
poor  bearer. 
8 


122  THE    NURSERY   AND   THE   ORCHARD. 

NAPOLEON  BIGARREAU. 

Large,  heart-shaped,  inclining  to  oblong,  pale  yellow, 
marbled  with  red;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  fine  flavored;  stalk 
stout,  short,  and  set  in  a  narrow  cavity ;  a  good  and  con- 
stant bearer,  vigorous  grower.     June. 
OHIO  BEAUTY. 

Large,  heart-shaped,   very  handsome,  almost  covered 

with  red  on  light  ground ;  flesh  tender,  brisk,  juicy  ;  tree 

vigorous  and  productive,   with  spreading  head,  a  very 

valuable  kind.     Originated  by  Professor  Kirtland.   May. 

ROCKPORT. 

Large,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  bright  red,  with  a  shade 
of  amber;  flesh  rather  firm,  juicy  and  very  sweet  ;  tree 
vigorous,  healthy,  upright,  a  good  bearer  ;  raised  by  Dr. 
Kirtland,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  one  of  the  very  best  in  qual- 
ity.    May. 

WERDER'S  EARhY  BLACK. 

Large,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  black;  flesh  purple, 
tender,  sweet  and  excellent;  tree  vigorous,  spreading, 
moderately  productive ;  an  early  variety. 


CHAPTER  XXVL 


THE  CURRANT. 

For  a  long  period  this  cooling  and  healthful  fruit  has 
heen  much  esteemed  and  largely  cultivated  in  climates 
^adapted  to  its  growth.  It  succeeds  admirably  in  the 
mountainoqs  regions  of  the  South,  but  near  the  coast  it 
is  not  successful.  The  fruit  is  produced  on  a  low  grow- 
ing shrub,  and  being  a  great  improvement  on  the  small 
£0ur  fruit  of  the  original  species,  it  is  considered  almost 
indispensable  in   cool  climates.     The  currant  is  propa- 


Fig.  90. 

gated  very  readily  from  cuttings,  from  six  inches 
to  a  foot  in  length,  taken  from  the  last  year's  growth  and 
planted  in  good  soil,  about  two-thirds  of  their  length  in 
the  ground  (see  chapter  on  cuttings).  The  cuttings  can 
be  set  every  two  inches  in  rows  fifteen  inches  apart. 
They  will  be  sufficiently  rooted  the  succeeding  fall  to  be 
planted  where  they  are  to  remain.  It  is  some  protection 
against  the  summer's  sun  to  plant  them  on  thejnorth  or 


124        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

east  side  of  a  fence.  As  the  fruit  of  the  currant  is  borne 
on  wood  two  or  more  years  old,  a  succession  of  young- 
shoots  should  be  provided  for  by  annually  thinning  out 
the  old  bearing  spurs  where  they  are  too  thick.  By 
training  them  as  a  bush,  letting  the  limbs  start  withina 
a  few  inches  of  the  ground,  and  keeping  the  heads  prop- 
erly thinned  out,  the  best  specimens  of  fruit  are  obtained,, 
but  in  warm  climates  they  will  perhaps  succeed  better 
if  allowed  to  sucker  moderately.  If  to  be  trained  as  a 
bush,  all  the  buds  that  will  be  under  the  ground  should; 
be  cut  off  before  planting  the  cuttings.  After  currant 
trees  are  six  or  eight  years  old,  their  places  are  usually 
supplied  with  young  trees.  The  currant  responds  read- 
ily to  good  cultivation,  pruning  and  manuring,  delights- 
in  rich,  moist  soil,  and  is  well  worthy  of  attention, 
wherever  it  will  succeed.  Currant  worms  can  be  de- 
stroyed by  a  few  light  applications  of  powdered  white- 
hellebore  while  the  trees  are  wet 

Ashes  applied  in  the  same  manner  are  often  beneficial 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

BLACK  NAPLES. 
Large,  black  ;  bunches  small,  with  a  musky  flavor ;  an. 
excellent  black  kind. 

CHERRY. 
Very  large,  round,   dark  red,    acid ;     clusters    short  p 
growth  tall  and  luxuriant. 

LA   VERSAILLAISE. 
Large,  deep  red,  acid  ;  bunches  long;  a  valuable  kind,,, 
resembling  the  cherry. 

RED   DUTCH. 
Large,  deep  red,  with  a  rich  acid  flavor  ;  prolific. 


THE  CURRANT.  125 

RED  GRAPE. 
f'  Large,  red,  sweet  and  good ;  bunches   very    long ;  a 
slow,  spreading  grower. 

WHITE  DUTCH. 
Medium,    yellowish  white,  sonaewhat   acid ;  bunches 
rather,long. 

WHITE  GRAPE. 
Large,   of    excellent  quality ;    growth  spreading  and 
moderately  vigorous. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 


THE  FIG. 


From  time  immemorial  the  fig  has  been  a  favorite  fruit 
of  warm  climates.  In  this  country  it  is  raised  in  the 
open  air  without  protection  in  most  sections  south  of 
Virginia,  but  north  of  that  State  it  requires  protection 
during  the  winter,  which  is  effected  by  bending  the 
trees  down  and  covering  them  securely  with  dirt,  or  by 
placing  evergreens  around  them  while  standing.  The 
usual  height  of  the  fig  tree  is  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet,  but 
in  its  native  country  it  often  grows  to  the  height  of 
twenty-five  feet. 

The  flowers  do  not  open  to  view,  but  on  examining  the- 
interior  of  the  fruit,  it  is  found  to  be  composed  of  a  large- 
number  of  minute  flowers.  The  ripened  fruit  is  very 
wholesome  and  much  esteemed.  The  fig  is  propagated 
from  seed,  layers,  suckers  or  cuttings,  the  latter  method 
being  used  principally  at  the  South.  A  favorable  situ- 
ation is  near  a  building  with  a  southern  aspect.  The- 
trees  bear  two  crops  annually,  the  first  on  the  wood  of 
the  previous  year's  growth,  the  second  on  the  new  wood,, 
both  of  which  mature  at  the  South. 

A  moderately  rich  soil  of  a  calcareous  nature  is  the 
best. 

When  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  very  luxuriant  at  the 
expense    of  the    crop,  root  prune  at  any  time  during; 


THE    FIG.  127 

the  winter  by  digging  a  trench  around  the  tree  at  a  dis* 
tance  from  the  body  of  about  half  the  length  of  the 
branches.  Every  home  in  the  South  should  be  provided 
with  fig  trees  of  the  hardiest  and  most  reliable  kinds,  as 
their  yearly  crops  of  delicious  fruit  will  handsomely  re- 
pay the  cultivator  for  the  attention  bestowed  upon  them. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

ANGELIQUE. 
Small,  obovate ;  skin  greenish  yellow  ;  flesh  white,  not 
very  sweet ;  tree  hardy  and  prolific. 
BLACK  GENOA. 
Fruit  long,  obovate ;  skin  nearly  black;  pulp  bright  red^ 
excellent  flavor. 

BRUNSWICK. 
Large,  reddish  brown,  rich   flavor ;    tree  a  very  strong 
grower. 

BLACK  ISCHIA. 

Medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  apex;  skin  dark 
violet,  almost  black  when  ripe  ;  pulp  deep  red,  sweet,  and 
of  fine  flavor. 

BROWN    TURKEY. 

Large,  oblong ;  skin  dark  brown;  pulp  red  and  finely 
flavored ;  tree  a  regular  and  abundant  bearer.  One  of 
the  best. 

WHITE  ISCHIA. 
Small,   roundish ;  skin    yellowish  green ;    pulp    pur- 
plish, of  good  flavor ;  prolific. 

WHITE  MARSEILLES. 
Small,    roundish;    skin    nearly   white;    pulp   white,. 
sweet  and  of  rich  flavor. 

NERII. 
Small  roundish  ;  skin  greenish  yellow  ;  pulp  red,  rich 
flavor. 


CHAPTER   XXVIII, 


THE  GOOSEBERRY. 

The  gooseberry,  like  the  currant,  delights  in  a  rich, 
moist  soil,  andjsucceeds  best  in  a  cool  climate.     In  this 


Fig.  91— Houghton  Seedling  Gooseberry, 
country  it  is  very  popular  at  the  North,  where  large 
•quantities  are  used  for  various  purposes — pies,  jellies, 


THE   GOOSEBERRY.  129 

■etc.  It  is  propagated  from  cuttings  the  same  as  the  cur- 
rant, also  from  layers  which  are  made  soon  after  fruiting. 
In  soil  naturally  very  dry,  a  mulch  of  some  material  that 
will  aid  in  retaining  moisture  is  exceedingly  beneficial. 
The  gooseberry  is  more  impatient  of  heat  than  the  cur- 
rant, but  can  be  grown  with  tolerable  success  in  some 
portions  of  the  Southern  States. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 
HOUGHTON'S  SEEDLING. 

Small  oval;  s^in  thin,  reddish  brown,  marked  with 
greenish  lines ;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  of  pleasant  flavor 
very  prolific.     A  very  reliable  kind. 
DOWNING. 
Medium  to  large,  oval,  pale   green,  of  good  quality  ; 
bush  a  strong,  upright  grower;  productive. 
MOUNTAIN  SEEDLING. 
Similar  to  Hughtom's  Seedling,  but  larger,  has  thicker 
fikin,  and  rather  inferior  in  quality. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


THE  GRAPE. 

From  the  earliest  period  the  grape  has  been  cultivated' 
and  esteemed.  It  is  now  one  of  the  most  popular  and 
profitable  of  American  fruits,  and  ranks  in  importance 
with  the  apple,  the  peach  and  the  pear.  The  foreign  grape 
is  unsuited  to  our  climate,  but  from  our  native  species 
have  sprung  a  large  number  of  varieties  that  rival  even 
the  finest  grapes  of  Europe.  It  has  been  said  by  a  wri- 
ter on  horticulture  that  raising  grapes  is  as  easy  as 
sliding  down  hill.  This  statement  is  about  correct, 
the  long,  intricate  and  useless  instructions  of  amateurs 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  It  is  so  easy  to  have 
an  abundant  supply  of  delicious  grapes  annually  that  it 
seems  almost  criminal  for  any  family  to  be  without 
them.  Even  the  person  on  the  crowded  city  lot,  with 
only  a  few  rods  of  spare  ground,  need  not  despair ;  he, 
too,  has  room  for  grapes..  Where  space  is  limited,  they 
can  be  trained  on  fences,  buildings,  and  in  many  places 
where  they  will  not  be  in  the  way  of  anything  else. 
The  grape  is  propagated  by  grafting,  and  from  seeds, 
layers  or  cuttings.  In  this  country  grafting  is  not  prac- 
ticed to  a  great  extent,  and  seeds  are  planted  only  to  ob- 
tain new  varieties.  See  chapters  on  layers  and  cuttings,„ 
the  principal  means  of  propagating  the  grape,  in  an- 
other part  of  this  work. 

Grapes  will  thrive  in  this  country  on  almost  any  kind 


THE    GRAPE. 


131 


of  soil  of  a  dryish  nature  that  will  produce  ordinary 
farm  products.  Only  moderate  fertility  is  necessary,  but 
annual  manuring  will  in  most  cases  be  beneficial,  thfr 


Fig.  92. 

quality  and  the  quantity  of  the  manure  being  deter- 
mined by  the  soil  and  the  condition  of  the  vine.  Ashes, 
lime,  ground  bone  and  barn-yard  manure  are  all  good. 
As  in  planting  all  kinds  of  fruit  trees  the  ground  for  the 
grape  should  be  well  prepared  b}-  thorough  plowing,  and 
holes  dug  large  enough  to  receive  the  roots  when  spread. 


132 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


out  as  represented  in  fig.  92  Strong,  well-rooted  vines 
of  one  or  two  years'  groivth  are  selected.  Fig.  93  repre- 
sents a  well  grown  one-j-ear  vine  trained  to  a  single 
stem.     A  good  root j  is  indispensable,  while  a  few  well 


Fig.  93.— Transplanting. 


F'g.  94  — One-year  vine 
trained  to  single  shoot. 


developed  buds  make  up  all  the  top  that  is  necessary  to 
the  young  vine. 

Very  long,  slender  roots  are  shortened  and  the  tops 
cut  back  to  a  few  buds,  fig.  92.  The  vine  is  planted  a 
little  deeper  than  it  grew  in  the  nursery,  and  the  holes 
ifilled  with  surface  soil  thoroughly  mixed  with  a  mod- 


THE    GRAPE. 


133- 


erate  quantity  of  some  kind  of  manure.  Half  a  peck  of 
stable  manure  and  cotton  seed  compost  to  each  hole  will 
give  good  results. 

When  many  vines  are  to  be  planted,  it  can  be  done 
very  expeditiously  by  laying  off  furrows  with  a  large 
shovel-plow,  followed  by  a  subsoil,  and  applying  some 


95.— The  young  vine  as  it  _2.  ^'Jg-  96.— Young  vine  trained  to 
appears  in  summer.  two  shoots. 


such  fertilizer  as  Merryman's  Dissolved  Bones  at  the 
rate  of  two  or  three  hundred  pounds  per  acre,  to  be 
bedded  on  the  same  aslfor  cotton.  The  vines  are  then 
planted  in  the  bed  from  six  to  ten  feet  apart,  according 
to  variety,  deep  enough  to  keep  the  roots  out  of  the  way 
of  the  plow.  A  top  dressing  of  ashes,  or  a  light  coating 
of  stable  manure  before  bedding,  is  excellent.  When 
the  buds  on  the  young  vine  begin  to  grow  in  the  springy 


134  THE    NURSERY    AND    THE    ORCHARD. 

all  but  the  most  thrifty  one  are  rubbed  off.  The  one  that 
is  left  is  trained  to  a  stake,  and  after  it  grows  several 
feet  the  top  is  pinched  off  to  strengthen  the  cane. 

Fig.  9-4  represents  the  vine  during  the  summer  of  the 
first  year.  In  the  following  fall  it  is  cut  back  to  a  few 
buds,  two  of  which  are  to  be  left  to  make  canes  if  the 
vine  has  made  a  strong  growth.  At  the  end  of  the 
second  season  it  presents  the  appearance  of  fig.  95. 
These  two  canes  should  be  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches 
from  the  ground.  By  thus  retarding  the  growth  of  the 
vine  and  preventing  it  from  bearing  during  the  first  two 
years,  the  root  becomes  so  strong  and  well  established 
that  in  after  years  it  produces  full  crops  of  the  finest 
fruit  without  injury.  Many  young  vines  are  ruined  by 
overbearing. 

At  this  period  training  may  begin;  and  while  many 
of  our  best  varieties  of  grapes  grow  and  bear  crops  with- 
out any  attention  in  the  way  of  pruning  and  training, 
more  than  supplying  a  frame  of  some  kind  to  run  upon 
and  a  bungling  cleaning  out  every  few  years,  the  great 
superiority  of  the  fruit,  when  intelligent  pruning  and 
training  are  practiced,  ought  to  induce  every  owner  of  a 
grape  vine  to  give  these  operations  some  attention. 
Various  systems  have  been  adopted,  each  of  which  has 
its  advocates  and  advantages.  Some  of  these  systems 
appear  very  complicated  to  the  beginner,  but  by  apply- 
ing a  few  principles,  which  are  easily  understood,  they 
will  all  be  readily  comprehended,  and  can  be  adopted  in 
whole,  or  with  such  modifications  as  may  suit  the  cir- 
cumstances. In  all  systems  the  principal  object  should 
be  to  obtain  the  proper  quantity  of  strong  bearing  wood, 
the  fruit  being  produced  on  the  shoots  of  the  cwrrent 


THE    GRAPE. 


135 


year's  growth.  If  it  is  desired  to  train  to  stakes,  let 
theEQ  be  of  durable  wood  and  well  set  in  the  ground. 
Each  stake  will  support  from  one  to  four  canes,  which 
should  be  tied  up  neatly.  If  more  than  four  canes  are 
left,  it  will  be  necessary  to  have  another  stake  or  a 
trellis. 


Fan  training,  which  is  represented  in  figure  96,  is  a 
very  good  method,  though  not  so  symmetrical  as  some 
others.  The  vines  are  fastened  to  the  trellis,  and  each 
year  young  canes  are  trained  up  to  produce  bearing  shoots 
for  the  following  year.  The  vine  must  be  kept  in  suffi- 
cient bounds  to  be  under  perfect  control  by  cutting  out 
old  and  useless  canes  in  the  fall,  and  rubbing  off  unne- 
cessary shoots  in  the  summer.  The  canes  must  be  tied 
to  the  trellis  at  sufficient  distances  apart  to  give  the  bear- 
ing shoots  plenty  of  room,  and  the  ends  of  the  shoots 
should  be  pinched  off  when  three  or  four  leaves  are  form- 
ed above  the  last  bunch  of  fruit.  Let  it  be  determined 
each  fall  how  many  canes  are  to  be  left  for  the  next  year's 
fruiting,  also  how  manj''  young  canes  are  to  be  trained  up 


136        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

to  supply  the  places  of  those  that  will  be  cut  away  the- 
following  fall. 

The  fall  pruning  will  be  governed  accordingly. 

All  unnecessary  canes  from  which  no  young  shoots  are 
to  grow  the  next  year  will  be  cut  entirely  away,  while 
those  from  which  new  canes  are  to  be  grown  will  be  cut 
back  to  the  desired  number  of  buds. 


Fig.  98. — The  Fuller  method  of  training. 

The  Fuller  system,  which  is  represented  in  figure  97^ 
is  doubtless  one  of  the  best.  It  is  in  substance  as  fol- 
lows : 

The  trellis  is  made  by  planting  posts  two  feet  deep,  in 
a  row  with  the  vines,  between  each  two,  and  equally  dis- 
tant from  them. 

The  figure  shows  three  slats  nailed  to  the  posts,  but  if 
the  trellis  is  not  more  than  four  feet  high,  as  recommend- 
ed by  Mr.  Fuller,  two  will  be  sufficient.  The  slats 
are  from  two  to  three  inches  wide,  and  one  inch  thick. 
They  are  nailed  to  the  posts,  one  a  foot  from  the  ground, 
th/e  other  at  the  top.  Wires  are  then  fastened  to  the 
slats  by  twisting  them  around,  from  eight  to  twelve 
inches  apart.  The  two  canes,  figure  95,  are  cut  back  to 
four  feet,  and  fastened  to  the  bottom  slat.     In  order  that 


THE    GRAPE. 


137 


the  buds  may  all  get  an  even  start  in  the  spring,  the 
arms  are  sometimes  bent  down  to  the  ground  till  the 
young  shoots  are  a  few  inches  long.  When  fastened  to 
the  trellis  at  once,  the  sudden  bend  near  the  base  of  the 


cane  so  checks  the  sap  that  the  buds  at  that  point  are  un- 
duly developed,  while  the  strong  tendency  of  the  sap  to 
the  extremity  makes  the  buds  there  grow  more  rapidly 


Fig.  99. 

than  those  on  the  middle  of  the  cane.  See  figures  98  and 
99.  When  the  two  arms  are  fastened  to  the  trellis,  five 
or  six  buds  are  selected  on  the  upper  side  of  each,  at 
which  wires  are  placed. 

The  wires  are  left  so  they  can  be  moved  to  any  desired 
position.  When  the  young  shoots  are  several  inches  long, 
they  are  tied  to  the  wires  and  all  other  buds  and  shoots  are 
rul>bed  off.  To  equalize  the  space,  it  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary to  train  up  a  bud  from  the  bottom  of  the  cane.  The 
upright  shoots  are  not  allowed  to  reach  much  above  the 
trellis,  and  the  laterals  are  kept  pinched  back.  The  en- 
tire vine  must  be  kept  equally  oalanced,  with  the  same 
number  of  canes  to  each  arm,  and  all  kept  at  the  same 


138        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

height.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  of  training  the  ver- 
tical canes  are  cut  back  to  two  bads  each,  which  make 
canes  for  the  next  year's  bearing — twice  as  many  as  there 
were  the  first  year,  or  two  to  each  spur.  At  the  end  of 
the  second  year,  the  upper  cane  of  each  spur  is  cut  away 
entirely,  and  the  other  is  cut  back  to  two  buds,  which 
make  canes  for  the  next  year's  bearing.  It  is  thus  kept 
up  year  after  year,  and  may  be  varied  and  enlarged  upon 
in  many  ways.  The  underlying  principle  is  the  horizon- 
tal arm,  from  which  young  fruiting  shoots  are  grown 
each  year.     Bow  training  to  a  single  stake  is  represented 


Fig   100.— Bow  system  of  Fig.  101.— Multiplied  bow- 

training.     *  training. 

in  jig.  100.  One  of  the  canes  {fig.  95)  is  left  to  form  the 
bow  for  next  year's  bearing,  and  the  other  is  cut  back  to 
two  buds,  which  make  upright  canes.  At  the  close  of 
the  season,  the  bow  has  borne  a  crop,  and  is  cut  away, 


THE   GRAPE.  139 

while  one  of  the  upright  canes  is  left  to  make  a  bow  for 
the  next  year,  and  the  other  cut  back  to  two  buds,  which 
produce  two  more  upright  canes,  thus  repeating  the  pro- 
cess. In  very  strong  vines  two  or  more  bows  may  be  left. 
Fig.  101  represents  multiplied  bow  training,  which  is, 
perhaps,  more  ornamental  than  useful. 


102.— Horizontal  method  of  training. 

The  horizontal  method  is  shown  in  fig.  102.  The  trel- 
lis is  made  three  or  four  feet  high.  The  cane  is  trained 
to  the  middle  wire,  which  should  be  fastened  to  the  posts, 
so  as  to  be  a  little  lower  than  the  others.  This  causes 
the  laterals  to  grow  at  a  slight  angle  upward,  which  aids 
the  flow  of  sap  and  promotes  growth. 

GRAFTING  THE  GRAPE  VINE. 

This  is  comparatively  little  practiced  in  the  United 
States,  but  it  is  resorted  to  largely  in  Europe,  as  a  means 
of  protection  against  the  phylloxera,  a  destructive  insect 
which  infects  European  vineyards.  American  kinds  are 
used  as  stocks,  and  the  results  of  their  use  during  the  last 
few  years  have  proven  very  beneficial.  This  method  of 
propagating  the  vine  has  been  practiced  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent for  a  great  many  years,  and  various  methods  have 
been  employed,  but  it  is  still  regarded  as  somewhat  diffi 
cult  and  uncertain  on  account  of  the  profusion  of  sap 
.and  the  thinness  of  the  bark.     As  the  grape  is  so  readily 


140        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

propagated  from  layers  and  cuttings,  there  is  reall}'  little- 
necessity  for  resorting  to  grafting  in  this  country,  except 
in  a  few  instances.  On  many  farms,  in  almost  all  vine- 
yards, there  will  be  found  large,  healthy  vines,  whose' 
fruit  never  matures,  or  is  of  very  inferior  quality.  If 
such  vines  can,  in  a  short  time,  be  made  to  produce 
abundant  crops  of  choice  grapes,  it  is  certainly  impor- 
tant that  the  process  of  grafting  be  applied  rather  than^ 
destroy  them  and  depend  on  new  vines  to  fill  their  places. 
Again,  it  is  often  desired  to  obtain  vines  of  some  new  va- 
riety as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  as  the  wood  is  scarce,, 
every  bud  should  be  utilized.  This  is  done  by  means  of 
grafting,  and  the  growth  of  a  bud  in  a  single  season  is 
often  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet.  Another  purpose  for 
which  the  grafting  of  the  vine  is  very  effective  is  the 
early  testing  of  new  varieties.  We  sometimes  obtain 
fruit  of  the  new  kind  the  first  year  by  grafting  on  a  vig- 
orous bearing  vine.  A.t  the  South  the  fall  or  early  win- 
ter is  probably  the  best  season  for  performing  the  opera- 
tion. In  colder  climates  it  is  usually  done  in  the  spring. 
The  method  generally  applied  is  cleft  grafting,  and  it  is 
successful  on  stocks  of  almost  any  size.  (See  chapter  on 
grafting).  The  dirt  is  cleared  avvay  from  the  root  of  the 
stock  to  the  depth  of  about  four  inches,  and  it  is  then 
sawed  or  cut  off  horizontally  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

A  cleft  is  made  with  a  sharp  instrument  one  or  two 
inches  deep,  cutting  rather  than  splitting.  The  scion 
is  prepared  in  the  same  manner  as  for  apples,  and  in- 
serted very  carefully  so  that  the  inner  bark  of  the  stock- 
and  scion  will  fit  nicely  together.  If  the  stock  does  not 
press  the  scion  tightly,  it  will  be  necessary  to  tie.     See^ 


THE   GRAPE. 


141 


ijig.  103.     The  ground  is  then  filled  in  firmly  around  the 
stock,  up  to  the  bud  at  the  top  of  the  scion.     The  whole 


Fig.  103. 

-should  be  covered  with  a  mulch  of  some  light  material, 
such  as  hay  or  straw,  as  a  protection  against  freezing, 


Fig.  104. 

•which  sometimes  raises  the  scions  from  the  stocks.  Re- 
move the  mulch  in  spring  as  soon  as  freezing  is  over. 
The  stocks  should  be  vigorous  and  healthy.     Scions  are 


142        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

taken  from  the  well  matured  wood  of  last  summer's 
growth,  about  the  size  of  a  lead  pencil,  containing  only 
one  bud,  unless  the  wood  is  verj-  short-jointed,  in  which 
case  two  buds  are  allowed.  Very  small  stocks  can  be 
whip-grafted  like  apple  trees.  Large  stocks  are  some- 
times grafted  in  the  manner  shown  in  fig.  104. 

A  thin  wedge  is  taken  out  with  a  very  sharp  knife  and 
the  scion  cut  so  as  to  make  a  perfect  fit.  It  is  then  se- 
curely bound  and  covered  as  directed  for  ordinary  clelt 
grafting.  The  cleft  is  sometimes  made  in  very  large  and 
twisted  stocks  with  an  open  saw.  The  slit  is  made  about 
two  inches  deep,  and  the  scion  is  cut  to  fit  exactly,  leav- 
ing shoulders  resting  on  each  side  of  the  stock,  as  shown. 


in  jig.  105.  Persons  desiring  to  try  their  skill  in  grape- 
grafting,  and  not  caring  to  risk  the  entire  vine,  can  do 
so  by  grafting  the  end  of  a  layered  cane  {fig.  106),  cover- 
ing the  point  of  union  the  same  as  in  grafting  the  entire 
stock.  Saddle  grafting  is  represented  in  the  figure.  In 
the  latter  part  of  summer,  the  layered  cane  can  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  parent  and  transplanted  in  the  fall. 
Grafting  the  grape  above  ground  is  not  so  successful.    If 


THE   GRAPE.  143 

the  grafting  is  to  be  done  late  in  the  spring,  the  scions 
should  be  cut  in  the  fall.  Grafting  clay,  in  preference  to 
ordinary  grafting  wax,  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  vine 


before  banking  up  with  dirt.  Success  in  the  operation 
depends  upon  the  vigor  of  stock  and  scion,  the  smooth- 
ness of  the  cuts  and  the  perfect  union  of  the  inner  bark 
of  the  two  parts. 

GRAPE  WINE. 

"  Wine-making,"  in  detail,  would  compose  a  large  vol- 
ume, but  the  following  brief  suggestions  will  be  found 
useful  when  it  is  desired  to  make  a  few  gallons  without 
expensive  preparations  :  The  grapes  must  be  dry,  sound, 
clean  and  ripe,  and  all  vessels  used  must  be  thoroughly 
cleansed.  Crush  the  grapes  and  let  them  stand  from  24 
to  48  hours.  Draw  off  the  juice  from  a  hole  near  the  bot- 
tom of  the  vessel,  then  press  the  skins  and  put  all  the 
juice  together  in  a  barrel  or  keg,  filling  it  within  about 
an  inch  of  the  top.  Add  from  one  to  two  pounds  of  granu- 
lated sugar,  dissolved  in  water,  to  every  gallon  of  unfer- 


144        THE  NURSERY  AND  THK  ORCHARD. 

merited  juice.  Do  not  fill  so  full  that  the  lees  will  escape, 
but  during  violent  fermentation  keep  the  juice  within 
an  inch  or  two  of  the  bung  by  the  addition  of  similar 
juice.  Close  the  bung  by  laying  a  grape  leaf  over  it  and 
placing  on  top  of  this  a  small  bag  of  sand  from  three  to 
four  inches  square.  This  permits  the  escape  of  the  gas 
that  rises  during  fermentation.  In  the  winter  following, 
draw  oflF  without  shaking  to  other  clean  vessels.  After 
the  second  fermentation  in  spring  draw  olT  to  the  vessels 
in  which  it  is  to  remain. 

NATIVE  GRAPES. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

In  the  following  list  of  varieties,  Labr.  indicates  that 
the  variety  belongs  to  Vitis  Labruska  or  Fox  Grape ; 
Aest,  Vitis  Aestivalis  or  Summer  Grape  ;  Ripa.,  Vitis 
Riparia  (the  grape  of  the  river  banks)  ;  Rotund.,  Vitis 
Rotundifolia  or  Vulpina  (muscadine) ;  Hi/brd.,  Hybrid 
Varieties  : 

ADIRONDAC. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  compact,  sometimes  should- 
•ered ;  roundish  berry,  large,  black,  covered  with  a  deli- 
cate bloom  ;  tender,  juicy  and  vinous ;  a  slow  grower,  not 
very  valuable. 

AGAWAM. 

(Rogers'  Hybrid,  No.  15.)  Bunch  medium,  compact, 
often  shouldered ;  berries  very  large ;  skin  thick;  dark 
red;  vine  vigorous  and  productive;  long-jointed;  ripens 
soon  after  Concord. 

ALLEN'S  HYBRID. 

(Hybrd.)    Bunches    large    and   long;    berries    large; 
skin  thin;  nearly  white;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  deli- 
cious; good  quality;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 
ALVEY. 

(Hybrd.)  Bunches  medium,  shouldered ;  berries  small, 


THE   GRAPE.  145 

black  ;  a  slow  grower ;  wood   short-jointed ;  moderately 
productive. 

ARIADNE. 

(Ripa.)  Bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  small,  black 
with  a  blue  bloom;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  sweet,  vine 
moderately  vigorous  and  very  prolific,  with  short-jointed 
wood ;  a  good  wine  grape. 

BACCHUS. 

(Ripa.)  An  improved  seedling  of  Clinton,  which  it  re- 
sembles in  bunches  and  berry. 

BARRY. 

(Rogers'  No.  43)"  Bunch  large,  compact;  berry  large, 
roundish,  black ;  skin  thin  ;  flesh  tender,  of  a  pleasant 
flavor ;  vine  vigorous  ;  as  early  as  Concord. 
BERCK  MAN'S. 

A  cross  between  Clinton  and  Delaware  ;  bunches  and 
berries  larger  than  Delaware,  which   it   resembles   in 
color;  good  quality;  vine  vigorous  and  prolific. 
BLACK  EAGLE. 

(Hybrd.)  Bunches  large ;  berries  large,  black,    with 
blue  bloom  ;  good  quality ;  vine  a  vigorous  grower. 
BRIGHTON. 

(Labr.  X.)  An  excellent  variety,  resembling  the  Ca- 
tawba in  color,,  bunch  and  berry;  vine  vigorous  grower; 
prolific ;  ripens  soon  after  Hartford  Prolific. 
CATAWBA. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berries 
large,  round,  deep  red,  with  lilac  bloom;  skin  thick; 
flesh  juicy,  with  some  pulp,  vinous ;  vine  a  vigorous 
grower.  Last  of  August.  Discarded  in  many  sections 
on  account  of  its  liability  to  rot. 

CHAMPION. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  compact, shouldered;  berry  me- 
dium round,  bluish  black;  skin  thick;  inferior  to  Hart- 
ford in  quality;  vine  a' strong  grower  and  prolific  ;  very 
^arly.'and  valued  chiefly  on  that  account. 


1-16  THE    NURSERY    AND    THE    OECHARl^. 

CLINTON. 

(Ripa.)  Bunches  medium,  compact;  berries  below  me- 
dium, black,  with  a  thick  bloom;  flesh  juicy,  with  some 
acidity   and  brisk   vinous    flavor;    vine  a   very  strong 
grower  and  profuse  bearer  ;  makes  a  good  wine. 
CONCORD. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  compact;  berries  large,  al- 
most black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  juicy  and  sweet ; 
vine  a  very  vigorous  grower  and  good  bearer.  July.  A 
most  popular  and  profitable  grape  of  second  rate  qual- 
ity ;  a  good  wine  grape. 

CREVELING. 

(Labr.  X.)  Bunches  long  and  loose  ;  berries  medium  to 
large,  oval,  black  with  blue  bloom;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  of 
good  quality ;  vine  a  fine  grower,  uncertain  bearer ;  not 
very  popular;  ripens  early. 

CYNTHTANA. 

(Aest.)  Very  much  like  Norton's  Virginia,  but  ripens 
a  little  earlier. 

DELAWARE. 

One  of  the  finest  grapes.  Bunches  medium,  compact, 
shouldered;  berries  medium,  round;  skin  thin,  light  red, 
with  a  whitish  bloom  ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  of  delicious 
flavor;  vine  moderately  vigorous  and  productive;  ripens 
about  a  week  after  Hartford  Prolific. 
DEVEREQX. 

(Aest.)     Bunches    long,   slightly   shouldered;  berries 
small,  black,  sweet  and  vinous;  vine  a  strong  grower, 
moderately  prolific  ;  good  for  wine. 
DIANA. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  compact ;  berries  large,  round- 
ish ;    pale   red,    with   lilac   bloom ;  flesh  sweet,  vinous 
and  rich  ;  very  productive  and  a  standard  variety. 
DUCHESS. 

(Hybrd.)  A  fine  white  grape  ;  bunches  large,  compact,, 
shouldered;  berries  medium,  oval;    skin    thick;     flesh 


THE    GRAPE.  147 

tender,  juicy  and  of  excellent  qualitj' ;  ripsns  soon  after 
Concord. 

EARLY  DAWN. 

(H3'brd.)  Bunches  medium,  shouldered  ;  berry  medium, 
black  ;  skin  thin  ;  flesh  sweet,  rich  and  of  good  quality  ; 
vine  vigorous  and  productive ;  earlier  than  Hartford 
Prolific. 

EARLY  VICTOR. 

(Labr.)  Bunch    medium,  compact,  sometimes  should- 
ered; berr}^  medium,  black  witii  blue  bloom;  some  pulp, 
juicy,  vinous,  good;  vine  vigorous,  healthy  and  prolific; 
ripens  with  or  before  Hartford  Prolific. 
ELVIRA. 

(A  seedling  of  Taylor.)  Bunches  small  to  medium, 
compact,  shouldered;  berry  larger  than  Taylor,  round, 
white;  skin  thin;  pulp  tender,  juicy  and  of  excellent 
flavor;  vine  very  vigorous  and  productive;  from  one  to 
two  weeks  later  than  Concord. 

EDMELAN. 

(Aest.)  Bunches  medium,  moderately  compact ;  berry 
mdium  to  large,  round,  black,  with  fine  bloom,  adher- 
ing firmly  to  the  bunch  ;  flesh  tender,  rich  and  vinous  ; 
vine  a  strong  grower:  wood  short,  pointed;  ripens  early 
and  evenly. 

EXCELSIOR. 

(Hybrd.)  Bunch  large,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry 
pale  red,  sweet  and  aromatic ;  vine  moderately  vig- 
orous, short-jointed ;  ripens  about  with  Catawba. 

FLOWERS. 

—  (Rotund.)  Bunches  medium  size;    skin  dark   black; 
flesh  vinous  and  sweet.     October. 
GOETHE. 
(Rogers' hybrid.  No.  1.)     A  good  late  kind;  bunches 
large;  berries  large,  pink  when  ripe;  vine  healthy  and 
productive. 


148        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

GOLDEX    GEM. 
(Hybrd  )     Bunch  small,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berry 
.small,   golden;  flesh  tender,  juicy  and  of  the  best  qual- 
ity;  vine  moderately  vigorous,  with  short  pointed  wood; 
ripens  with  Hartford  Prolific. 

HARTFORD  PROLIFIC. 

(Labr  )  Bunches  large,  shouldered,  compact ;  berries 
medium,  round,  black;  skin  rather  thick ;  flesh  pulpy, 
sweet  and  musky;  vine  grows  rapidly  and  bears  abun- 
dantly.   July. 

HERBERT. 
(Rogers',  No.  44.)  Bunch  large,  long  shouldered  ;  berry 
large,  round,  black  ;  flesh  sweet   and   tender;  vine   very 
vigorous,  an  excellent  early  grape. 
HERMANN. 
(Aest.)     Bunch  long  ;  berry  small,  black  ;  a  good  wine 
grape ;  vine  vigorous. 

HERBEMONT. 
(Aest.)      (Warren.)      Bunches    large    and     compact, 
shouldered ;  berries  small,  black  and  blue  bloom  ;  skin 
thin  ;  a  delicious  grape,  sweet  and  well  flavored;  highly 
esteemed  for  wine.     August. 

HIGHLAND. 
(Hybrid.)  Bunch  large,  compact,  long,  heavil}'  should- 
ered ;  berry  large,  round,  black,  with  a  blue  bloom;  little 
pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  vinou.-^,  of  good  flavor;  vine  a  strong 
grower,  with  short-jointed  wood  ;  ripens  after  Concord ; 
a  cross  of  Concord  and  Jura-muscat. 
HUMBOLDT. 
(Ripa  X.)  Bunch  and*berry  medium;  round,  yellowish, 
sweet  and  of  good  flavor;  vine  vigorous;  a  good  white 
wine  grape. 

ISABELLA. 
(Labr.)  Bunches  large,  loose,  shouldered  ;  very  hand- 
some ;  berry  large,  oval,  black,  with  beautiful   bloom ; 


THE   GRAPE. 


149 


flesh  juicy,  musky;  pulp  tough,  acid  ;  vine  vigorous  and 
prolific. 

IVES. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  and  berries  large  ;  skin  thick,  black  ; 
flesh  sweet  and  musky  ;  vine  vigorous  and  prolific ;  a 
good  wine  grape.   -July. 

JANESVILLE. 

(Labr.  X  Ripa.)  Bunch  medium,  compact ;  berry  large, 
black,  with  thick  skin  and  pulpy  flesh;  similar  to  Hart- 
ford in  quality;  vine  vigorous  and  productive;  ripens 
about  with  Hartford;  supposed  to  be  a  cross  of  Hartford 
and  Clinton. 

JEFFERSON. 

(Labr.  X  )  A  handsome  red  grape  ;  a  cross  between 
the  Concord  and  lona;  bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered  ; 
berry  large,  oval ;  flesh  tender,  sweet  and  juicy;  ripens 
soon  after  Concord. 

LADY. 

(Labr.)  A  seedling  of  Concord,  and  a  little  earlier; 
bunch  and  berry  large  ;  skin  yellowish  green  ;  handsome  ; , 
fair  quality  ;  vine  vigorous. 

LADY   WASHINGTON. 

(Hybrid.)  Bunch  very  large,  shouldered,  moderately 
compact;  berries  medium,  round,  pale  amber;  flesh  ten- 
der, sweet,  juicy  and  of  good  quality  ;  vine  a  good  grower, 
short-jointed;  ripens  with  Concord;  produced  by  cro.ss- 
ing  Concord  with  Allen's  Hybrid. 
LENOIR. 

(Aest.)     Bunch    large,   moderately  compact;   berries 
small,  dark  purple,  juicy  and  vinous. 
LINDLEY. 

(Rogers'  Hybrid,  No.  9.)  Bunch  medium,  long  should- 
ered, loose;  berries  large,  round,  red;  fleyh  tender,  with 
little  pulp,  rich  and  aromatic- ;  vine  very  vigorous,  long- 
jointed  ;  early. 


150         THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


(Ripa.)  Bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium; 
round,  black,  juicy  and  sweet;  vine  rather' straggling, 
vigorous  grower  ;  ripens  late. 

MARTHA. 

(Labr.)  A  white  Concord,  rather-  inferior  in  quality. 
MASSASOIT. 

(Rogers'  Hybrid,  No.  3).  Bunch  medium,  short,  shoul- 
dered;  berry  large,  dark  red;  flesh  tender  and  sweet; 
vine  moderately  vigorous  and  productive.  Ripens  with 
Hartford  Prolific. 

MAXATAVVNEY. 

(Labr.)  Bunches  medium;  berries  large,  oblong ;  skin 
greenish  white;  flesh  sweet   and  delicious;  one  of  the 
best  of  the  white  kind  ;  not  a  very  strong  grower. 
MERRIMACK. 

(Rogers'  Hybrid,  No.  19.)  Bunch  medium,  short,  com- 
pact; berry  large,  black,  very  good  ;  vine  healthy  and  a 
strong  grower.     Ripens  in  August. 
MR«.  McCLURE. 

(Hybrd.)  Across  between  Clinton  and  Peter  Wylie ; 
bunch  medium,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  white,  fair 
quality;  vine  a  strong  grower;  foliage  resembles  the 
Clinton. 

MOORE'S  EARLY. 

(Labr.)  An  excellent  early  grape;  a  seedling  of  the 
Concord,  which  it  very  much  resembles,  ripening  about 
two  weeks  earlier. 

NIAGARA. 

(Cros.s  of  Concord  and  Cassady.)  A  new  grape,  promis- 
ing well ;  a  cross  of  Concord  and  Cassady  ;  bunch  medium 
to  large,  uniform,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered  ;  berry 
large,  roundish,  with  a  thin,  tough,  greenish  yellow 
skin,  and  a  whitish  bloom  ;  flesh  tender  and  in  quality 
about  the  same  as  Concord ;  ripens  with  or  soon  after 
Concord. 


THE    GRAPE.  151 

NOAH. 
(Rip.  X.)  A    prolific,    stvoug-growing,    white    grape; 
bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  large ;  skin 
thin,  transparent;  ripens  a  week  after  Concord. 
NORTON'S  VIRGINIA. 
(Aest.)     Bunches  long,  compact ;    berries  small,  dark 
purple;  skin  thin;  flesh    vinous,   sweet  and  juicy;  an 
excellent  wine  grape.     August. 
PERKINS. 
(Labr.)  Bunch    medium   to  large,  shouldered  ;  berries 
medium,  lilac   when  fully   ripe,   with  white  bloom  and 
thick  skin  ;  flesh  pulpy,  sweet  and  juicy  ;  vine  a  strong 
grower,  prolific.  Ripens  several  davs  after  Hartford  Pro- 
lific. 

PETER  WYLIE. 

(Hybrd.)  Bunches  large,  shouldered,  loose ;  berries 
medium,  round,  transparent,  golden  yellow  at  maturity; 
flesh  melting,  vinous,  of  excellent  quality ;  vine  vigor- 
ous, short-jointed.    July. 

POCKLINGTON. 

(Labr.)  A  seedling  of  Concord ;  bunch  and  berry 
large;  golden,  fair  quality;  vigorous;  ripens  with  Con- 
cord ;  a  good  shipper. 

PRENTISS. 
(Labr.)  A  white  grape  of  good  qualit}-;  slow  grower, 
productive;  wood  short-jointed. 
REBECCA. 
(Labr.)    A  good  white  grape  •  bunch  and  berry  medi- 
um;  slow  grower,  not  productive. 
SALEM. 

(Hybrid — Rogers',  No  53 )  Bunch  large,  compact  and 
shouldered;  berry  large,  dark  and  chestnut  with  little 
pulp;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  aromatic,  of  good  quality  ;  large 
foliage;  vine  vigorous  and  healthy ;  can  be  propagated 
readily  from  cuttings  ;  nearly  as  early  as  Concord. 

SCUPPEkNONG. 
■^  (Rotund.)  Bunches  small,  rarely  containing  more  than 


152        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

eight  or  ten  berries  each;  berries  large,  round  and  of  a. 
bronze  color;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  juicy,  swoit  and  vinous, 
free  from  rot,  a  rapid  grower,  very  prolific ;  an  excellent 
wine  grape  ;  ver}'  popular  and  profitable.  August  and 
September. 

SECRETARY. 

(Hybrid.)  Bunches  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry 
large,  oval,  black  with  handsome  bloom  ;  flesh  sweet,  vi- 
nous; vine  vigorous. 

SENASQUA. 
(Hybrd.)    Bunch  medium   to   large,   compact;  berry 
large,  black,  with  blue  bloom,  of  excellent  quality  ;  flesh 
of  a  brisk  and  vinous  flavor ;  vine  moderately  vigorous 
and  productive  ;  ripens  soon  after  Concord. 
TRIUMPH. 
(Hybrd  )  Bunch    and  berry  very  large,  pale  green  to 
golden  yellow;  thin  skin,  no  pulp;  flesh  sweet,  vinous, 
of  excellent  quality ;  a  showy  variety;  vine  healthy  and 
productive;  ripens  later  than  Concord. 
TENDER  PULP. 

(Rotund.)  A  seedling  of  Flowers,  ripening  earlier. 

THOMAS. 
(Rotund.)  Bunch  very  small;  berries  large,  of  a  violet 
color,  transparent ;  tender,  sweet  and  vinous.     August  to 
September. 

VERGENNESE. 
(Labr).     Bunch  large;  berry  large,  round,  amber  with 
blue  bloom,  ot    rich   flavor.      Early,    vine   very  hardy, 
vigorous ;  good  wine  grape. 

(A  cross  of  Delaware  and  Diana).  Bunches  and  ber- 
ries medium  to  large,  in  shape  and  color  resembling  Dela- 
ware ;  flesh  lender,  rich  and  sweet,  almost  equal  to  Dela- 
ware ;  moderatel}'  vigorous  and  productive.  Wood  short 
jointed.  Ripens  about  with  Delaware. 
WORDEN. 

(Labr).  A  seedling  ol  Concord,  a  little  earlier;  bunch 
and  berry  large,  black  ;  vine  very  hardy,  and  strong 
grower.     Resembles  Concord. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 


THE  MULBERRY. 


The  mulberry  is  a  deciduous  fruit  tree,  cultivated^to  a 
considerable  extent  in  some  sections  of  the  Southern 
States.  The  trees  are  propagated  by  grafting  and  from 
seeds  or  cuttings.     Stocks  are  sometimes  obtained  by 


Fig.   107. 

planting  seeds  of  the  white  mulberry,  but  the  best  stocks 
can  be  had  by  planting  cuttings  of  the  variety  known  as 
Moras  Multicaulis.  The  Hicks  and  Downing  ever-bear- 
ing are  the  most  popular  kinds.  They  bear  immense 
10 


154        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

quantities  of  fruit  during  three  or  four  months  of  the 
year,  which  is  excellent  for  hogs  and  poultry.  Every 
farmer  would  find  an  orchard  of  this  fruit  a  profitable 
investment. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 
BLACK  ENGLISH. 

The  best  black,  hardy  and  prolific,  growth  rather  slow* 

DOWNINGS. 

Flesh  rich,  subacid ;  tree  a  rapid  grower,  not  so  prolific 
as  Hicks. 

HICKS. 

Flesh  sweet  and  insipid ;  tree  a  fine  grower   and  bears 
large  crops  for  three  or  four  months  in  the  year. 
RUSSIAN. 

Large  ]et  black,  fine  flavor,  commences  to  fruit  when 
two  years  old.     A  very  pretty  rapid  growing  tree. 
STUBBS. 
A  new  variety  ;  fruit  large  and  of  good  quality. 
WHITE  MULBERRY. 

:    The  best  variety  for  silk  worms. 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 


THE  NECTARINE. 

The  nectarine  is  nothing  more  than  an  accidental  seed- 
ling of  the  peach,  with  a  smooth  skin,  which  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  same  tree  sometimes  produces  both 
peaches  and  nectarines.  The  growth  of  the  tree  is  the 
same  as  that  of  the  peach  from  which  it  is  not  easily  dis- 
tinguished. The  fruit  is  not  so  large  as  the  peach,  free 
from  down,  and  in  flavor  resembles  the  peach  leaf.  The 
nectarine  is  usually  propagated  by  grafting  or  budding 
on  peach  stocks,  and  the  cultivation,  pruning,  etc., 
are  the  same  as  required  by  that  fruit.  Failures  to  pro- 
duce crops  are  more  common  with  nectarines  than  with 
peaches,  owing  principally  to  the  destructive  attacks  of 
the  curculio  or  plum  weevil.  By  following  the  directions 
given  for  destroying  the  curculio,  regular  crops  may  be 
obtained.  It  is  well  to  plant  the  trees  where  hogs  will 
have  access  to  them,  as  they  destroy  large  numbers  of  the 
worms  by  eating  the  fallen  fruit.  Protection  against 
borers  is  the  same  as  for  peach  trees.  Personfe  desiring 
an  assortment  of  fruits  should  by  all  means  leave  room 
for  a  few  nectarine  and  apricot  trees. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 
BOSTON. 

Large  and  handsome,  roundish  oval ;  yellow  with  crim- 
son cheek,  mottled  slightly  with  red  ;  flesh  yellow,  sweet, 
not  very  rich,  pleasant  flavor;  separates  from  the  stone; 
flowers  small;  tree  hardy  and  productive.  Medium  sea- 
son. 


166        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

COOSA. 
Large,  red ;  flesh  white,  quality  very  good,  a  new  seed- 
ling. 

DOWNTON. 
Large,  roundish  oval,  light  green  with  crimson  cheek  ; 
flesh  pale  green,  slightly  red  at  the  stone,  melting  and 
rich ;  separates  from  the   stone ;  flowers   small ;  season 
medium. 

EARLY  NEWINGTON. 

Large,  roundish  ovate,  pale  green,  almost  covered  with 
red,  marbled  and  mottled  with  very  dark  red;  flesh 
greenish  white,  red  at  the  stone,  sugary,  juicy  ad  rich  ;n 
flowers  large  ;  season  early. 

EARLY  VIOLET. 

Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green  in  the  shade,  almost 
covered  with  dark  red,  moltted  with  pale  brown  dots, 
when  exposed ;  flesh  whitish,  red  at  the  stone,  melting 
juioy,  rich  ;  tree  hardy  and  productive.  French  Origin ; 
flowers  small.     Season  early. 

ELRUGE. 

Medium,  roundish  oval ;  pale  green  with  red  cheek 
and  small  brown  specks;  flesh  pale  green,  melting, 
juicy,  of  excellent  flavor ;  separates  from  the  stone  ;  sea- 
son medium. 

GOLDEN    CLING. 

Medium,  clingstone,  yellow  with  scarlet  cheek ;  flesh 
orange  yellow,  firm,  sweet  and  juicy ;  flowers  small. 
Ripens  medium  season. 

HARDWICK. 

Large,  oval,  freestone,  light  green  with  crimson  cheek  ; 

flesh  greenish  white,  red  near  the  stone,  juicy  and  rich ; 

resembles  the  Elruge  somewhat.     One  of  the  best  and 

hardiest  Nectarines ;  excellent  bearer.     Season  medium. 

HUNTS    TAWNY. 

About  medium,  slightly  enlarged  on  one  side,  pointed 
at  apex ;  skin  orange  and  deep  red,  with  brown  in  spots ; 

PROPERTY  OF 
A-  4t  E.  COL-L-EOE 


THE   NECTARINE.  157 

flesh  yellow  and  juicy;  separates  from  the  stone ;  hardy, 
and  abundant  bearer ;  flowers  small. 
NEW  WHITE. 

Large,  nearlj^  round,  freestone,  skin  white,   slightly 
tinged   with  crimson  ;    flesh  white,  juicy  and   vinous ; 
stone  small,  separates  freely  ;  flowers  large.     Early. 
PITM  A.STON  ORANGE. 

Large,  roundish,  deep  yellow,  with  brownish  cheeks ; 
flesh  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  rich,  juicy  and  excellent 
flavor ;  stone  small,  sep-artes  freely ;  tree  vigorous ;  flow- 
ers large. 

KED  ROMAN. 

Large,  roundish, or  little  flattened  at  the  top;  skin  yel- 
low or  greenist,  and  dark  reddish  brown,  with  spots  of 
russet;  flesh  yellow,  red  near  the  stone,  rich  and  juicy; 
one  of  the  best  of  clingstone  nectarines ;  tree  healthy  and 
productive  ;  season  medium  ;  flowers  large. 
VICTORIA. 

Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  top  ;'greenish  yellow, 
red  on  the  side  next  the  sun  ;  flesh  rich  and  sweet ;  flow- 
ers sir ^11:  season  medium. 


CHAPTER  XXXIL 


THE  ORANGE. 

The  orange  is  now  grown  very  extensively  in  Florida, 
and  to  some  extent  in  other  States.  The  trees,  which 
grow  to  a  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  are  the  most  at- 
tractive of  all  fruit  trees,  while  the  fruit  is  highly  es- 
teemed and  sells  at  such  prices  as  render  orange  culture 
under  favorable  circumstances  very  profitable.  The  trees 
are  propagated  from  seeds  and  by  budding.  By  plant- 
ing the  seeds  of  good  varieties,excellent  trees  are  obtained, 
which  begin  to  bear  when  seven  or  eight  years  old ;  trees 
budded  on  stocks  three  or  four  years  old  begin  to  bear  in 
two  or  three  years  after  budding.  The  orange  requires 
■clean,  shallow  cultivation  and, liberal  manuring,  Pea- 
Tines  turned  under,  cotton  seed,  stable  manure  and  muck 
are  all  good  fertilizers.  The  trees  are  very  prolific,  in 
some  instances  yielding  ten  thousand  oranges  each. 
They  have  few  diseases,  and  with  proper  attention  live 
"to  be  very  old.  The  fruit  begins  to  ripen  in  October, 
and  in  mild  winters  will  remain  in  good  condition  on 
the  trees  the  year  round. 


CHAPTER  XXXIIL 


THE  PEACH. 

This  popular  fruit  is  a  native  of  Persia  and  was  intro- 
duced into  this  country  about  two  hundred  years  ago.  It 
succeeds  admirably  here  anywhere  south  of  40o  north 
latitude,  and  is  now  raised  in  greater  quantities  and  with 
less  labor  than  in  any  other  country.  The  soil  and  cli- 
mate of  the  Southern  states  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  its 
culture,  and  it  has  become  one  of  the  most  profitable  of 
Southern  fruits.  Requiring  a  soil  of  only  moderate  fer- 
tility, having  so  few  enemies  at  the  South,  and  giving 
so  rich  and  speedy  returns,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the 
peach  has  become  a  favorite  among  fruits,  and  is  cultiva- 
ted so  extensively  in  some  sections  of  the  Southern  States. 
The  trees  are  shorter-lived  than  most  fruit  trees  of  our 
climate,  but  with  proper  treatment  they  live  and  bear 
crops  from  ten  to  thirty  years.  In  rare  instances  they 
have  been  kown  to  live  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  years. 
The  difierent  varieties  of  the  peach  are  distinguished  by 
the  presence  or  absence  of  glands  (slight  protuberances) 
on  the  leaves,  by  the  size  and  color  of  the  blooms,  and  by 
the  quality  of  the  flesh,  whether  cling  or  free-stone. 

The  propagation  of  the  peach  is  very  easy  and  rapid. 
Seedlings  sometimes  bear  fruit  the  second  year,  and  bud- 
ded or  grafted  trees  often  yield  moderate  crops  when 
only  two  years  from  the  bud.  In  planting  orchards  of 
the  peach,  trees  one  year  from  the  bud  or  graft  are  usual- 


J  60  THE   NURSERY   AND   THE    ORCHARD. 

ly  selected.  The  soil  should  be  a  dry,  moderately  rich, 
sandy  loam,  rather  than  heavy  clay,  well  prepared  by 
deep  plowing.  Orchards  on  elevated  sites  are  considered 
least  liable  to  injury  from  frost.  Some  kinds  of  peaches 
produce  the  same,  or  with  slight  variations,  from  the 
seed.  Seedling  trees  are  very  hardy,  and  their  fruit  is 
often  of  good  quality ;  but  this  method  cannot  be  relied 
upon  to  propagate  our  improved  varieties,  as  it  is  the 
natural  tendency,  when  their  seeds  are  planted  to  de- 
teriorate — go  back  to  the  lower  type  from  which  they 
sprang.  Trees  combining  hardiness  with  superior  qual- 
ity of  fruit  may  be  obtained  by  planting  well  matured 
seeds  from  vigorous  seedling  trees  in  hills  the  proper  dis- 
tance apart  for  the  trees,  on  grouna  where  they  can  re- 
main, and  budding  on  them  the  kind  it  is  desired  to  pro- 
pagate. Several  seeds  should  be  planted  in  each  hill, 
and  when  a  few  inches  high  all  but  the  most  vigorous 
one  of  the  seedlings  can  be  removed;  with  the  proper  at- 
tention in  the  way  of  pruning,  cultivation  and  protec- 
tion from  insects,  trees  raised  in  this  way  will  live  many 
years. 

One  great  difficulty  in  peach  culture  is  the  result  of 
bad  pruning.  When  the  limbs  are  left  to  take  their  own 
course,  they  soon  become  long  and  slim  with  very  few 
branches  near  their  base,  as  represented  in  figure  108. 
The  tendency  of  the  sap  is  strongly  to  the  extremity  of 
the  limbs  at  the  expense  of  the  buds  on  the  lower  part, 
which  are  usually  lost  if  not  excited  into  growth  the  first 
season  after  their  formation.  As  the  fruit  is  borne  on 
the  wood  of  the  preceding  year's  growth,a  system  of  prun- 
ing must  be  practiced  that  will  keep  the  tree  constantly 
supplied  with  young  bearing  wood  in  all  its  parts.    The 


THE    PEACH. 


161 


method  adopted  is  known   as  the   shortening-in  S3-stem 
which  consists  in  cutting  off  each  year  about   one-half  of 


the  previous  year's  growth.     When  the  ends  of  the  limbs 
are  pruned  off.  the   rush  of  sap  to  the   extremities   is 


Pig.  109. — The  badly  pruned  peach  tree, 
broken  down  by  overbearing. 


Fig.  110.— The  well  pre- 
served peach  tree. 


checked  and  shoots  come  out  on  the  lower  parts,  thus 
supplying  the  trees  with  abundance  of  bearing  wood  f 
the  limbs  grow    shorter  and  stronger,  not  so  liable  to  be 


162        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

broken  by  overbearing  ;  the  fruit  is  better,  and  the  trees 
longer-lived.  But  we  must  not  go  from  one  extreme  to 
another.  While  no  pruning  leaves  the  tree  unsightly 
and  short-lived,  the  results  of  shortening-in  are  about  as 
bad  if  the  proper  attention  is  not  given  the  trees  after- 
wards. The  dense  undergrowth  which  follows  the  prun- 
ing must  be  kept  thinned  out,  so  as  to  admit  air  and  sun- 
light, and  leave  the  tree  with  an  open,  well-balanced 
head.  Good  judgment  and  some  experience,  on  the  part 
of  the  peach  grower,  will  enable  him  to  keep  his  trees  in 
symmetrical  shape  and  well  supplied  with  bearing  wood, 
at  the  same  time  guarding  against  injuries  caused  by  the 
breaking  of  limbs  from  overbearing.  The  hardiest  and 
longest-lived  trees  of  an  orchard  are  often  found  in  fence 
corners  where  they  are  protected  against  the  hot  summer 
sun  and  injuries  from  the  plow. 

An  application  of  woods  earth,  or  chip  manure  mixed 
with  ashes  or  lime,  is  an  excellent  fertilizer  for  peach  or- 
chards. 

VARIETIES  OF  FREESTONES. 

ALBERT  SIDNEY. 
Medium,  oblontr,  creamy  white,  with  crimson  cheek; 
flesh  rich,  melting;  Chinese  type.    July. 
AMELIA. 
Large,  conical,  white  skin,  with  a  shade  of  crimson; 
flesh  white,  very  juicy  and  sweet ;  flowers  small.     July. 

ALEXANDER. 

Medium,  dark  red  skin ;  flesh  greenish  white,  very 
juicy  and  sweet;  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone  ;  tree  vig- 
orous and  productive  ;  the  most  popular  of  the  very  early 
k:inds.     May  and  June. 


THE   PEACH.  163 

AMSDEN. 

An  excellent,  very  early  peach,  considered   identical 
with  Alexander. 

BALDWIN'S  LATE. 

Large,  oblong ;  swollen  point ;   greenish  white,   with 
red  cheek ;  flesh  firm,  juicy ;  flowers  small.    October. 

BEATRICE. 
Small,  dark  red,  mottled  with  a   deeper  hue  of  red; 
flesh  juicy,  vinous;  matures  soon  after   Alexander;  re- 
quires rich  soil  and  thinning.    June. 
BRIGGS'  MAY. 
Large,  highly  colored  cheek,  on  white  ground ;  flesh 
greenish  white,  vinous,   of  excellent    quality ;    adheres 
somewhat  to  the  stone.  Early. 

CANARY. 
Medium,   oblong,    bright   yellow ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy, 
melting ;  flowers  small ;  season  early. 
COLUMBIA. 
Very  large,  excellent;  skin    downy,  yellow,  with  red 
cheek;  flesh  yellow,  rich  and  juicy  ;  very  popular  variety 
in  the  South ;  easily  reproduced  from  seed.     July. 
CORA. 
Above  medium,  white,  with  delicate  pink  cheek ;  flesh 
white, juicy;  improved  seedling  of  Lady  Parham.     Sep- 
tember. 

CRAWFORD'^  EARLY. 
Very  large,  oblong,  yellow,   with  crimson  blush;  flesh 
yellow,  melting,  rich  and  excellent ;  tree  vigorous,  fruit- 
ful and  hardy ;  flowers  small ;  one  of  the  most  popular 
market  varieties.    July. 

CRAWFORD'S  LATE. 
Very  large,  roundish,  shallow  but  distinct  suture  ;  yel- 
low, with  red  cheek ;  flesh  very  deep  yellow,   red   near 
the  stone,  rich,  juicy,  vinous  ;  flowers  small ;  season  me- 
dium. 


164        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

DRUID  HILL. 
Large,  roundish,  the  cavity  of  stalk  narrow,  suture 
very  slight;  skin  greenish  white,  with  clouds  of  carmine; 
flesh  greenish  white,  purple  near  the  stone,  rich,  vinous; 
tree  very  vigorous,  bears  abundantly;  flowers  small. 
August. 

EARLY  LOUISE. 
Medium,  bright  red;  thin  skin;  flesh  juicy, excellent; 
not  a  good  market  kind.     June. 

EARLY  TILLOTSON. 
Medium,  round,  yellowish  white,  nearly  covered  with 
red;  flesh  whitish,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  melting;  flowers 
small.    June. 

EARLY  RIVERS. 
Large,  straw  color,  with  pink  blush;  flesh  white,  sub- 
acid, very   vinous   and  very  juicy ;  flowers  large ;  very 
prolific.     June. 

ELBERTA. 
Very  large,  handsome,   yellow  and  red ;  flesh  yellow, 
flavor  excellent,   supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Chinese 
cling  ;  fine  variety  for  shipping.     July. 
FAMILY  FAVORITE. 
Large,  inclining  to  oblong,  suture  shallow;  apex  me- 
dium; skin  cream-color,  with  crimson  blush;  flesh  streaked 
next  the   stone,  firm,  juicy ;  tree   vigorous  with   large 
leaves ;  flowers  small ;  earlier  than   its  parent,   Chinese 
Cling. 

FLAT  PEACH  OF  CHINA— (PEEN-TO.) 
Small,  flattened,  forming  a  deep  hollow  at  both  ends ; 
yellowish  green  skin,  with  red  on  one  side  ;  flesh  yellow 
circle  of  red  round  the  stone,  sweet,  juicy  ;  tree  of  dwarf- 
ish habits;  flowers  large.  Ripens  in  Florida  from  April 
15  to  May  10. 

FLEITAS  ST.  JOHN. 
Large,  roundish,  orange  yellow, ^with  crimson  blush; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,   sweet ;  originated  in  New  Orleans. 
Ripens  with  Early  Tillotson. 


THE    PEACH.  165 

FOSTER. 

Large,  slightly  flattened  ;  suture  slight ;  flesh  yellow, 
of  good  flavor,  earlier  than  Early  Crawford,  which  it 
resembles;  valuable  for  market. 

FRUITLAND. 
Large,  greenish  white,  mottled  with  red ;  flesh  green- 
ish white,  very  juicy,  vinous,  red  at  the  stone.     Origin- 
ated at  Augusta,  Ga.      First  of  September. 
GAYLORD. 
Large,  round,  sharp   point,  rosy  skin,  with  crimson 
blush;  flesh  white,  rich  and  juicy.    Origin  Mississippi ; 
flowers  small.     August. 

GREAT  EASTERN. 
Very  large,  greenish   white  skin,  with  a  shade  of  red; 
flesh    white  and  juicy,   rather  coarse ;     flowers    small. 
Originated  at  Augusta,  Ga.     July. 

GROSSE  MIGNONNE. 
Large,  roundish,  slightly  depressed,  with  hollow 
suture  at  the  top,  greenish  yellow,  m  )ttled  with  red  and 
deep  red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  red  near  the  stone, 
melting,  juicy,  rich  and  vinous  flavor ;  flowers  large ; 
season  medium. 

HALE'S  EARLY. 

Medium,  nearly  round,  greenish,  mottled  with  red; 
flesh  white,  juicy,  rich;  tree  hardy  and  productive  ;  flow- 
ers large.     June. 

HONEYS 

Small,  oval,  whitish  yellow,  marbled  with  red ;  flesh 
white,  juicy,  delicious  ;  flowers  large.     June  to  July. 
Lagrange. 
Large,  oblong,  greenish  white;  flesh  white  and  finely 
flavored.     Late  in  the  season. 

LADY    PALMERSTON. 
Large,  greenish  yellow,  marbled  with  red  ;  flesh  light 
yellow,    melting ;  flowers  small     August  to  September 
LATE  red  rareripe. 
Large,  oval ;  suture  depressed  at  the  top,  where  the 


166        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

swollen  point  is  distinctly  sunken;  skin  pale  yellow, 
covered  with  red  spots,  cheek  deep  red ;  flesh  white,  red 
at  the  stone ;  flowers  small ;  season  medium. 

LATE  ADMIRABLE. 
Very  large,  roundish  ;  bold  suture,  dividing  the  fruit 
all  around,  and  small,  swollen  point  at  the  top ;  yellow- 
ish green,  red  cheek,  marbled  with  darker  red;  flesh 
greenish  white,  red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy ;  flowers 
small ;  season  medium. 

LORD  PALMERSTON. 
Large,  skin  white,  with  pink  cheek ;  flesh  firm,  juicy 
and  rich ;  flowers  large.     August. 

MOUNTAIN   ROSE. 

Large,  white,  washed  with  a  carmine;  flesh  tinged 
pink,  juicy,  vinous,  subacid  ;  flowers  small;  tree  a  strong 
grower,  prolific.     June  to  July. 

MUSCOGEE. 
Large,  round,  yellow,  almost  covered  with  red;  flesh 
white  with  red  streaks  near  the  stone,  melting,  juicy ; 
flowers  small ;  resembles  Columbia.     August. 
OSCEOLA. 
Medium,  round;  suture  medium;  yellow,  with  orange 
cheek,  veined  with  red ;  flesh  yellow,  streaked  with  red, 
sweet ;  flowers  large.     September.     Origin  Georgia. 
OLD  MIXON  FREE  STONE. 
Large,  roundish,  one  side  swollen,  and  the  suture  visi- 
ble only  at  the  top;  cavity  slightly  sunk  at-  the  stalk; 
skin  yellowish  white,  mottled    with   red,    red    cheek; 
flesh  white,  red  at  the  stone,  tender,  rich  and  excellent, 
flowers  small.     August. 

PICQUET'S  LATE. 
Very  large,  yellow,  with  crimson  cheek;  flesh  yellow, 
rich  and  sweet.     Originated  by  Antoine  Picquet,  Esq., 
Belair,  Ga.     August  to  September. 

PRINCESS  OF  WALES. 

Large,  round,  cream-colored,  with  a  shade  of  blush  j 


THE   PEACH.  16T 

flesh  melting,  deep  red  at  the  stone,  quite  juicy  and  rich ; 
flowers  large.     September. 

REEVE'S  FAVORITE. 
Large,  roundish,  point  swollen  ;  skin  yellow  with  red 
cheek  ;  flesh  deep  yellow  ,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, vinous ;  flowers  small.     July. 

ROYAL  GEORGE. 
Above  medium;  skin  white,  sprinkled  with  red  dots; 
cheek  deep  red;  flesh  white,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  very 
rich  ;  flowers  small.    July. 

SNOW. 
Large,  globular;  suture  faintly  marked,  except  at  the 
top ;  skin  pure  white;  flesh  white,  sweet,  sprightly ;  flow- 
ers small.     August. 

STUMP  THE  WORLD. 
Very  large,  white,  with  bright  cheek ;  flesh  white  and 
juicy ;  flowers  small.     July. 

SUSQUEHANNA. 
Very    large,  yellow  and  crimson  skin ;  flesh  yellow,. 
rich  and  jucy.    Last  of  July. 

THURBER. 

Very  large,  pure  white,  crimson  mottlings  ;  flesh  quite 
luscious,  of  fine  texture.     A  seedling  of  Chinese  Cling, 
which  it  resembles  in  size  and  color.     Originated  by  Dr. 
L.  E.  Berckmans,  Rome,  Ga.     July. 
WHEATLAND. 

Large,  roundish,  a  distinct  suture,  not  large ;  cavity 
medium  ;  skin  deep  golden  yellow,  shaded  with  crimson ; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet,  juicy,  pale  red  around  the  stone;  tree 
very  vigorous,  healthy,  resembles  Crawford's  Late  ;  flow- 
ers large.    August. 

YELLOW  ST.  JOHN. 
Large,  resembles  Early  Crawford,  but  of  a  deeper  color  ; 
flesh  yellow,  juicy,  very  sweet.    Ripens  early. 


168  THE   NURSERY   AND   THE    ORCHARD. 

CLINGSTONE. 

ANNIE  WYLIE. 
Large,  globular  ;  suture  shallow,  extending  beyond  the 
apex,  which  is  a  small  joint;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  skin 
creamy  white,  with  crimson  cheek ;  flesh  white,  juicy, 
vinous;  tree  vigorous  and  a  good  bearer;  flowers  small; 
originated  in  Chester,  S.  C.     Sepiember. 
BUSTIAN'S   OCTOBER. 
Large,  white,  late  variety,  of  good  quality. 
BORDEAUX  CLING. 

Large, oblong,  inclined  to  be  one-sided;  suture  shallow  ; 
skin  pale  yellow,  with  carmine  cheek ;  flesh  yellow,  red 
at  stone,  juicy  ;  flowers  large.     August. 
CHINESE  CLING. 

Large,  globular,  sides  compressed;  suture  shallow  ;  skin 
creamy  white,  with  crimson  cheek ;  flesh  white,  red  at 
stone,  juicy  and  deliciously  flavored;  a  very  desirable 
variety  for  market ;  flowers  small.  July.  General  Lee 
and  Stone  wallJackson  are  excellent  sub- varieties  of  Chi- 
nese Cling. 

CROFT'S  GOLDEN. 

Large,  deep  yellow  with  red  cheek ;  flesh  yellow,  sub- 
acid, vinous.     July  to  August. 
DARBY. 

Large,  round,  creamy  white  skin,  excellent  variety,  ma- 
tures middle  of  October.     Origin,  South  Carolina. 
DEMMING'S  SEPTEMBER. 

Large,  oblong,  yellow,  with  carmine  cheek ;  flesh  yel- 
low, red  near  the  stone,  very  juicy  and  vinous;  similar 
to  Lemon  Cling,  but  later. 

DUFF  YELLOW. 
Very  large,  round,  with  sharp  point,  yellow  and  nearly 
oovered  with  a  dark  hue  of  red;  flesh  yellow  and  juicy, 
red  at  the  stone ;  flowers  small.    July. 


THE    PEACH.  169 

EATON'S  GOLDEN. 
Medium,   round  ;  suture  shallow  ;  skin  golden  yellow, 
with  a  few  pink  spots  near  the  base  ;  flesh  golden  yellow, 
sweet,  juicy,  with  flavor  of  the  apricot ;  flowers  large. 
September. 

FLEWELLEN. 

Large,  dark  red,  of  the  Indian  type ;  flesh  red.  very 
juicy  and  sweet,  vinous  ;  ripens  in  July. 
GOODE'S  OCTOBER. 
Large,  round  or  oblong,  white,  with  veins  of  carmine, 
downy;  flesh  white,  with  red  near  the  stone,  very  juicy 
and  subacid.  Originated  in  South  Carolina.  First  of 
October. 

GENERAL  TAYLOR. 

Medium,  white  or  almost  covered  withered  tinge  ;  flesh 
white,  juicy  and  sweet.  July.  Originated  in  Mississippi. 
HEATH    LATE  WHITE. 
(Henrietta.)  Large,  oval,  apex-pointed ;  skin  white'; 
flesh  white  to  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,"  good  qualit}^  ex- 
cellent for  preserving.     September, 
HB  VTH  RED. 
Large,  oblong,  the    skin   white,   with  red  wash;  flesh 
juicy,  red  near  the  stone,  of  good  flavor,  rich  and  melting  ; 
flowers  small.     August. 

INDIAN  BLOOD  CLINGSTONE. 
Large,  roundish,  oval,  distinct  suture;  skin^'downy,  of 
a  deep,  almost  purple  red  ;  flesh  same  [color,  firm,  juicy  ; 
flowers  small.     August. 

LARGE  WHITE  CLINGSTONE. 
Large,  round,  suture  slight,  and  the  swollen  point  at 
the  top  small ;  skin  creamy  white  with  light  red  cheek ; 
flesh   whitish,   tender,    melting,  juicy  and  very  sweet; 
(lowers  small.    July. 

LEMON  CLING. 
Large,  oblong,  point  swollen,  like  that  of  a  lemon  ;  skin 
yellow,  with  brownish  cheek;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  red  at 
the  stone,  rich,  vinous,  juicv;  flowers  small,    Julv. 
11  ■  ' 


170  THE   NURSERY   AND   THE    ORCHARD. 

NEWINGTON  CLING. 
Large,  oblong,  white  with  red  cheek ;  flesh  firm,  juicy. 
August. 

NIX  LATE    WHITE. 
Large,  oblong;  suture  medium,  extending  to  the  apex, 
which  is  a  little  sunk  ;  white,  downy,  reddish  in  the  sun; 
flesh  white  ;  flowers  large.     October. 

OLD  MIXON  CLINGSTONE. 
Large,  roundish,  swollen  on  one  side;  suture  visible 
only  at  the  top  ;  creamy  white,  dotted  with  red,  cheek  a 
deep  red ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  of  excellent  flavor ;  flowers 
small.    August. 

SCOTT'S  OCTOBER. 
Medium  to  large,  light  yellow ;  flesh  firm,  with  flavor 
of  lemon.    Originated  in  Columbia,  S.  C. 

SHELBY. 
Large,  white,  with  crimson  blush,  juicy,  finely  flavored. 
July  and  August. 

TINLEY'S  OCTOBER. 
Medium,  oblong,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red;  lesh 
white,  juicy,  vinous;    flowers  large.    Origin  Macon,  Ga. 

TUSKENA. 
Above  medium,  oblong,  yellow   and  deep  red ;  flesh 
subacid,  vinous.    Origin  Mississippi.    June. 

WASHINGTON  CLINGSTONE. 

^Medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  with  gray  specks; 
flesh  juicy,  luscious ;  flowers  small.     August. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 


THE  PEAR. 


The  wild  pear  of  Europe  and  Asia  is  one  of  the  most 
austere  of  all  fruits,  entirely  unfit  for  the  palate,  but 
through  the  ameliorating  influences  of  cross-breeding 
and  reproduction  from  seeds,  it  has  become  a  favorite 
fruit  of  modern  times.  The  trees,  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances, are  very  long-lived  and  exceedingly  prolific. 
Instances  are  on  record  of  trees  reaching  the  age  of  four 
hundred  years,  and  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  bushels  of  fruit  have  have  been  gathered  from  a  sin- 
gle tree.  The  pear  is  propagated  by  budding  and  graft- 
ing on  its  own  roots  for  standards,  and  on  the  roots  of  the 
quince  for  dwarfs.  For  orchard  culture,  standards  are 
much  preferred,  but  for  garden  and  amateur  culture, 
dwarfs  are  very  interesting.  Some  varieties  are  grown 
readily  from  cuttings.  As  was  stated  in  the  chapter  on 
seeds  and  seedlings,  it  is  more  difiicult  in  this  country  to 
raise  seedlings  of  the  pear  than  of  any  other  fruit  tree. 
The  soil  should  be  deep,  rich  and  moist  (not  wet.) 

It  is  useless  to  plant  pear  seeds  on  poor,  dry  soils.  The 
seeds  may  be  planted  either  in  the  spring  or  fall,  and 
require  the  best  of  cultivation  to  induce  a  vigorous 
growth  during  the  early  part  of  the  season,  without 
which  failure  often  results. 

Good  stocks  may  be  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the 
Jiardy  common  sorts,  often  found  growing  on  farms,  in  a 


172 


THE    NURSERY    AND    THE    ORCHARD. 


very  thrifty  condition.  If  planted  in  a  seed-bed  in  row& 
about  eighteen  inches  apart,  to  be  transplanted  to  nur- 
sery rows,  which  is  the  usual  practice, *the  tap  roots  are 
shortened  at  the  time  of  removal.     If  the  seedlings  are 


/^ 


Fig.  Ill  — Kieffer  Pear. 

raised  in  nmsciy  rows  three  or  three  and  a  half  fee' 
apart,  the  tap  root  can  be  shortened  by  running  a  shar]^. 
spado  under  them  in  the  fall,  and  they  can  be  budded  or 
grafted  where  they  grow.  When  seedlings  are  bought, 
they  can  be  budded  during  the  summer  after  setting  out, 
if  they  are  growing  vigorously  f  if  not,  they  are  grafted 
tlie  following  spring. 

Suckers  are  sometimes  used   as  stocks,  but  seedlings 


THE    PEAR.  1  i  3 

are  much  preferred.  The  pear  adapts  itself  to  a  great 
variety  of  soils;  it  requires  good  cultivation,  and  on 
most  soils  liberal  manuring  will  be  necessary.  Ashes 
and  lime  are  very  beneficial. 

Standard  pears  require  about  the  same  pruning  as 
apple  trees.  The  fruit  of  most  varieties  of  the  pear  is 
very  much  improved  by  ripeningofF  the  tree.  It  should 
be  gathered  carefully  to  prevent  bruising,  when  matured, 
but  not  colored.  The  proper  time  is  when  some  of  the 
full  grown  but  unsound  fruit  begins  to  color  and  drop 
from  the  tree.  If  carefully  packed  in  boxes  with  some- 
thing between  the  hwers,  and  kept  in  a  cool,  dry  place, 
the  fruit  will  be  fully  ripened  in  from  five  to  fifteen  days. 
The  greatest  difficulty  in  the  way  of  pear  culture  is  the 
disease  known  as  blight.  It  seems  to  attack  mercilessly 
trees  of  almost  all  ages,  varieties  and  localities ;  and, 
although  many  theories  have  been  advanced  and  reme- 
dies suggested,  its  ravages  continue  almost  unabated. 
Its  presence  is  indicated  by  a  sudden  withering  and  turn- 
ing black  of  the  leaves  in  certain  portions  of  the  tree, 
while  the  other  parts  remain  apparently  in  full  vigor. 
Unless  the  disease  is  checked,  the  tree  is  soon  de- 
stroyed. Trees  that  are  attacked  by  blight  often  recover 
after  having  the  diseased  portion  pruned  off.  Always  cut 
a  considerable  distance  below  the  affected  part. 

Damp  soils,  which  induce  a  late  growth  and  imper- 
fectly matured  wood,  are  unfavorable  for  the  pear. 

THE  LeCONTE  pear. 

The  introduction  of  this  pear  has,  during  the  last  few 
years,  created  quite  a  stir  at  the  South  in  pear  culture. 
It  was  introduced  into  Liberty  county,  Ga.,  in  1856,  from 


174 


THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 


a  Northern  nursery,  and  the  original  tree  is  still  alive, 
and  bears  large  crops  annually.    The  LeConte  is  a  hy- 


Fig.   112. 

brid,  the  result  of  a  cross  between  the  Chinese  Sand  Pear 
and  some  cultivated  variety.  The  tree  is  of  rapid  growth, 
very  prolific,  bears  young,  and  is  comparatively  free  from 
blight.  The  fruit  is  large,  of  good  quality,  an  excellent 
shipper,  and  sells  at  high  prices.  It  is  gathered  when 
the  color  first  begins  to  change,  and,  if  intended  for  ship- 
ment, each  specimen  is  wrapped  in  paper,  and  packed  in 
crates  containing  about  one  bushel  each.  The  propaga- 
tion is  principally  from  cuttings.  In  furrows  the  width 
of  a  spade,  about  fifteen  inches  deep,  well  enriched,  cut- 
tings of  the  last  year's  growth,  ten  or  twelve  inches  long, 


THE    PEAR. 


175 


are  planted,  with  one  or  two  inches  of  the  top  uncovered, 
and  the  dirt  pressed  firmly  about  them.  They  must  be 
kept  clear  of  weeds  and  watered  in  dry  weather.  The 
time  for  planting  cuttings  varies  in  different  localities 


Fig.  113.— Young  Kieffer  Pear  Tree. 


from  September  to  February.  Perhaps  the  best  time  in 
all  places  is  soon  after  the  years  growth  has  stopped. 
Sometimes  three-fourths  of  the  cuttings  will  live  at  other 


176        THE  NUKSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

times  all  fail.  When  planted  in  the  orchard  large  holes 
should  be  dug,  and  well  enriched  with  good  manure  and 
top  soil  thoroughly  mixed  together.  The  young  trees 
should  be  cut  back  to  within  two  feet  of  the  ground,  and 
have  one-half  of  their  growth  cut  back  annually  for  a  few 
years,  always  leaving  the  last  bud  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
limb,  so  that  the  growth  will  be  from  the  tree  and  make 
a  more  open  head  and  a  larger  bearing  surface.  The  trees 
require  good  cultivation  and  manuring.  They  are  hardy 
anywhere  in  the  United  States,  but  are  most  valuable  at 
the  South.  The  Kieflfer,  another  hybrid  of  late  introduc- 
tionis  becoming  very  popular,  especially  so  at  the  North. 

List  of  Summer  Varieties. 

BARTLETT. 

Large,  oblong,  obtuse,  pyriform,  yellow  ;  flesh  white, 
buttery,  juicy,  vinous ;  open  calyx,  in  shallow  basin  ; 
tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  and  a  very  early  and  abun- 
dant bearer;  a  most  popular  kind  of  English  origin. 
July  and  August. 

BELLE  LUCRATIVE. 
^Medium  to  large,  yellowish    green,  slightly  russeted  ; 
flesh  juicy,  melting,  delicious,  of  excellent  quality;  me- 
dium basin,  with  open  calyx;  tree  is  upright,  moder- 
ately vigorous  and  prolific.     July  and  August. 
BLOODGOOD. 
Medium,    turbinate,  yellow,  with    russet  dots ;    flesh 
whitish,    buttery,    melting,  aromatic ;    open    calyx    in 
very   shallow  basin  ;  the  tree  is  a  good  grower,  and  bears 
early  and  regularly.     July. 

BRANDYWINE. 
Medium,  pyriform.  greenish,  russeted   with  a  brown 
blush ;  flesh  white,  rich,  juicy  and  excellent ;  open  calyx 


THE    PEAR.  1  77 

in  shallow  basin  ;  tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  prolific. 
Jul3^     Origin  Pennsylvania. 

BEURRE  GIFFARI). 

Medium,   p^M-iform,    yellow,  with    red    cheek ;    flesh 
white,  melting,  juicy  and  finely  flavored;  small  basin, 
with  closed  calyx ;  tree  a  straggling  grower.     June. 
BUFFUM. 

Medium,  obovate,  deep  yellow,  with  a'broad  red  cheek, 
and  slightly  russeted ;  flesh    white,  buttery,  sweet  and 
of  very  good  quality;  tree  a  strong,  compact  grower,  pro- 
ductive.    August     Origin  Rhode  Island. 
CHAMBERS. 

Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  red  next  the  sun  and  dotted 
with  green ;  flesh  white,  of  fair  quality  ;  tree  a  spreading 
grower  of  moderate  vigor.     -July. 

CLAPP'S  FAVORITE. 

Large,  ovate,  yellow,  with  brown  dots  ;  flesh  white, 
buttery,  melting,  sweet,  of  good  quality;  tree  vigorous, 
upright  spreading,  prolific.  July  and  August.  Origin 
Massachusetts. 

DOYENNE  d'ETE. 

Small,  roundish-obovate,  shaoed  with  and  covered 
with  grayish  dots ;  flesh  white,  sweet,  melting  and  of 
agreeable  flavor ;  tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  bears 
early  and  abundantly.     June. 

FLEMISH  BEAUTY. 

Large,  p3'-riform,  pale  yellow,  with  a  brown  cheek,  rus- 
seted; flesh  whitish,  melting  and  rich;  a  handsome  pear 
of  good  quality ;  tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  bears 
early.     /August. 

HENKELL. 
Large,  round-obovate,  yeliow ;  flesh   yellowish  white, 
buttery,  melting;  partially  closed  cal3'x  in  large  basin  ; 
tree  upright,  vigorous  and  productive.     July. 
HOWELL. 
Large,  wide-obovate,  yellow,  with  handsome  cheek  and 
small  dots ;  flesh  white,   melting,   buttery,  aromatic,  of 
fine  quality;  small  basin;  tree  a  strong,  open  grower, 
prolific.     August. 


178  THE   NURSERY   AND   THE    ORCHARD. 

LeCONTE. 

Supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  Chinese  Sand 
Pear  and  a  cultivated  variety.  Large,  oblong,  pyriform, 
pale  y^  How  ;  quality  variable,  usually  second  rate  ;  much 
improved  b}^  ripening  in  the  house;  the  tree  is  a  very 
strong  grower  with  dense  foliage,  bears  early,  compara- 
tively free  from  blight ;  very  valuable  at  the  Soutu ; 
propagated  readily  from  cuttings.  August. 
LOUISE  BONNE  OF  JERSEY. 

Large,  pyriform,   slightly  one-sided,  yellowish  green,, 
with  red  cheek ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  juicy,  melting 
buttery,    of  good  quality ;    basin  shallow ;  tree  a  good 
grower  and  hea\  y  bearer  ;  best  on  quince.     August. 
OSBAND'S  SUMMER. 

Small  to  medium,  obovate,  yellow,  with  a  brown 
cheek,  often  slightly  russeted ;  flesh  white,  granular, 
with  a  sweet,  agreeable  flavor ;  tree  a  good  grower  and 
productive.     July. 

OTT. 

Small,  roundisa-obovate,  greenish  yellow,  partly  rus- 
seted, sometimes  mottled  with  red ;  flesh  resembles  that 
of  its  parent,  the  Seckel ;  large  calyx,  in  shallow  basin ; 
tree  a  strong,  erect  grower.     July. 

PETITE  MARGUERITE. 

Small,  short,  obovate,  yellow  ;  flesh  juicy,  melting  and 
of  good  quality.     June. 

SECKEL. 

Small,  obovate,  yellowish  brown,  with  a  red  cheek  ; 
flesh  very  fine  grained,  sweet,  juicy,  melting,  buttery,  of 
the  highest  flavor — a  standard  of  excellence  ;  tree  very 
hardy,  but  a  slow  grower.     August. 

STEVENS  GENESEE. 

Large,  round-obovate,  often  flattened,  yellow  ;  flesh  half 
buttery,  granular,  rich  and  well  flavored ;  tree  a  vigor- 
ous grower. 

ST.  MICHAEL  ARCHANGEL. 
Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  partly  russeted ;  flesh  rather 


THE    PEAR.  179 

coarse,  rich,  aromatic  ;  calyx  closed,  in  small  basin  ;  tree 
pyramidal,  a  tardy  bearer.     August. 
TYSOX. 

Medium,  conic  pyriform,  yellow,  with  a  reddish  brown 
cheek,  sometimes  russeted ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  buttery, 
with  an  aromatic  flavor — one  of  the  finest  summer  pears ; 
tree  vigorous.     July  and  August. 

WHITE  DOYENNE. 

Medium  to  large,  obovate,  pale  yellow ;  flesh  white, 
melting,  buttery,  of  excellent  quality ;  small  calyx_  in 
shallow  basin ;  tree  a  strong  grower  and  productive. 
August. 

URBANISTE. 

Large,  short,  pear-shaped,  pale  yellow,  slightly  rus- 
seted; flesh  melting,  buttery,  somewhat  acid,  well  fla- 
vored ;  tree  a  moderate  grower,  rather  tardy  bearer.  Au- 
gust. 

List  of  Autumn  or  Winter  Varieties. 

BEURRE  EASTER. 
Large,  obovate,  yellowish  green,  shghtly  russeted,  often 
with  a  red  cheek  ;  flesh  fine  grained,  rich,  melting,  but- 
tery, of  good  quality ;  small,  closed  calyx,  in  shallow 
basin ;  an  excellent  keeper  ;  tree  a  good  grower.  No- 
vember. 

BEURRE  LANGELIER. 

Medium,  pyriform,  yellow,  with  some  russet ;  flesh 
buttery,  melting,  with  a  sweet,  slightly  vinous  flavor ; 
tree  a  good  grower,  but  rather  tardy  bearer,  October  and 
November. 

BEURRE  SUPERFIN. 

Large,  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  somewhat  russeted, 
with  a  brownish  cheek ;  flesh  juicy,  subacid,  melting, 
with  an  agreeable,  vinous  flavor ;  tree  vigorous  and  a 
regular  bearer.     August. 

DUCHESSE  D'ANGOULEME. 

Very  large,  obtuse,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  often 
russeted ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy  and  well 


180  THE    NURSERY    i\ND    THE    ORCHARD. 

flovored;  tree  vigorous  and  a  ver}'-  reliable  bearer;  best 
on  quince.     September. 

BEURRE  BOSC. 
Large,  very  distinct  p3't'iform,  deep  yellow,  partially 
russeted;  flesh  juicy,  buttery,    sweet,    excellent;    basin 
shallow;  tree  a  moderate  grower,  a  regular  bearer.  Earl}'' 
autumn. 

BEURRE  CLAIRGEAU. 
Large,    pyramidal    pyriforra,     with    brown   dots,    and 
crimson  toward  the  sun  ;  flesh  white,  somewhat  granular, 
buttery,  melting,  quality   variable  ;  tree  of  stout,   erect 
growth,  and  a  regular  bearer..    September  and   October. 
BEURRE    D'ANJOU. 
Large,  greenish  yellow,  with    a  red  cheek,  russeted ; 
flesh  yellowish   white,    fine  grained,    buttery ,    melting, 
highly  flavored;  sometimes  a  little  astringent;  fine  tree 
and  regular  bearer.     September. 

BEURRE  DIEL. 
Very  large,  thick  pyriforra,   dull  yellow,   dotted,  with 
some  russet ;  flesh    rather  coarse,  rich,   buttery;  tree  a 
vigorous  grower.     September. 

DUOHESSE  d'BORDEAUX. 
Medium,   roundish,   yellow,    with    russet   dots;    flesh 
v/hite,  moderately  juicy,  sweet,  o!   pleasunt  flavor  ;  open 
calyx  in  medium  basin;  tree  moderately  vigorous.     Oc- 
tober to  November. 

GLOUT  MORCEAU. 
Large,  short    pyriform,   greenish   yellow ;  flesh   white, 
fine  grained,  melting,  buttery,  sweet,  of  excellent  flavor  ; 
tree  a  spreading    grower,   rather   tardy    bearer,  best  on 
quince.     October. 

HEBE. 
Very  large,  round,  obovate,  lemon  color, russeted;  flesh 
melting,  buttery,  sprightly,  coarse,  with  a  vinous  flavor, 
a  good   keeper ;   tree    thrift}^    and    productive.     Origin 
South  Carolina. 


THE    PEAK.  181 

KIEFFER. 

Said  to  be  a  hybrid,  between  the  Bartlett  and  China 
Sand  Pear;  fruit  large,  handsome;  skin  deep  j-ellow, 
with  a  bright  vermillion  cheek  and  some  russet;  flesh 
white,  brittle,  juicy,  of  fair  quality  ;  tree  very  much  like 
LeConte,  bears  early.  September  and  October.  Origin- 
ated near  Philadelphia. 

LAWRENCE. 

Medium,  pyriform,  lemon  color  with   numerous  small 
dots;  flesh  white,  butter}^  with  a  rich,  aromatic  flavor; 
tree   a   spreading,    moderately    vigorous    grower,  bears 
early  and  abundantly.     September  and  October. 
ONONDAGA. 

(Swan's  Orang.e  )  Large,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  double 
cone,  yellow,  numerous  dots,  sometimes  with  a  brown 
cheek  ;  closed  calyx,  in  narrow  basin  ;  flesh  somewhat 
coarse,  buttery,  melting,  of  fair  quality;  tree  vigorous 
and  productive.  September  and  October. 
PASSE  COLMAR. 

Medium  to  large,  distinct  pyrifor  n,  yellow,  often  rus- 
seted  ;  flesh  fine-grained,  buttery,  sweet,  of  very  good 
flavor;  tree  a  slender  grower,  inclined  to  overbear.  Oc- 
tober and  November. 

POUND. 

(Winter  Bell,  Angora.)  Very  large,  pyriform,  crown 
wide,  yellow,  with  a  brown  cheek;  flesh  compact,  good 
for  cooking;  tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  and  a  good 
bearer.     October  and  December. 

VICAR  OF  WINK  FIELD. 

Very  large,  long,  pyrilorm,  conical  toward  the  crown, 
yellow,  with  red  cheek  ;  flesh  whitish,  juic}'-,  buttery,  of- 
ten astringent ;  good  for  cooking;  best  on  quince;  very 
productive.    October. 

WINTER  NELIS. 

Medium,  roundish,  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  rus- 
seted  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine  grained,  buttery,  of  ex- 
(vUent  flavor;  tree  a  slender  and  straggling  growi-r. 
October  lo  December.     Origin  Belgium. 


CHAPTER   XXXV. 


THE  PECAN  NUT. 

Of  the  nut  bearing  trees,  the  walnut,  chestnut  and  fil- 
bert are  ail  worthy  oi"  cultivation,  but  they  are  far  less 
valuable  than  the  pecan  (carya  olivae-formis)  which  is 
of  the  same  genus  as  the  hickory,  and  succeeds  wherever 
that  tree  grows.     The  natural  range  of  the  pecan  is  in 


Fig.    114. 

the  valleys  of  the  Western  rivers  from  Illinois  to  Texas, 
and  it  is  cultivated  with  remarkable  success  in  most 
states  of  the  Union,  especially  so  at  the  South,  The 
tallest  tree  of  which  we  have  any  account  is  growing 
near  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  the  largest  nut  which  has 
yet  been  brought  before  the  public  was  obtained  from 
Illinois?  There  are  fine  specimens  of  the  trees  grow- 
ing in  the  Southern  States,  which  often  bear  fifteen 
bushels  of  excellent  nuts  per  tree ;  and  as  they  sell 
readily  at  from  three  to  five  dollars  per  bushel,  the  net 


THE    PECAN   NUT.  183 

income  from  a  single  pecan  tree  is  often  more  than 
from  several  acres  of  ordinary  farm  products. 

It  is  truly  surprising  that  this  nut  has  not  ere  now 
received  the  attention  it  so  richly  deserves.  The  trees 
are  exceedingly  prolific,  hardy,  and  long-lived.  After 
they  begin  to  bear,  each  year  adds  greatly  to  the  yield 
and  they  continue  to  increase  in  vigor  and  productive- 
ness until  more  than  fifty  years  old.  During  the  last  few- 
years,  considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  cul- 
ture of  pecans,  and  as  the  people  begin  to  understand 
their  merits,  the  trees  will  be  planted  until  at  no  dis- 
tant time,  pecan  groves  will  be  as  popular  and  prof- 
itable at  the  South,  and  in  many  of  the  Northern  States, 
as  orange  groves  now  are  in  Florida.  Many  persons  who 
read  this  will  doubtless  live  to  regret"  that  they  did  not 
take  my  advice  to  plant  a  pecan  grove  at  once.  The  fol- 
lowing quotation  from  an  article  written  by  E.  T  Hollis- 
ter,  and  published  in  the  Rural  World,  shows  how  high 
an  estimate  is  placed  upon  the  pecan  by  one  who  is  in 
every  way  capacitated  to  judge  of  its  worth  : 

"  The  pecan  is  one  of  the  most  remunerative  crops  a 
farmer  can  produce.  Young  man,  plant  a  pecan  grove, 
and  it  will  support  you  in  your  old  age  and  enable  you 
to  pass  the  evening  of  your  life  in  luxury,  free  from  the 
toil  and  care  necessary  to  the  ordinary  callings.  Old  gen- 
tleman, whose  tide  of  life  is  upon  the  ebb,  and  whose 
tottering  footsteps  are  slowly  carrying  you  towards  the 
other  side  of  the  great  river,  plant  a  pecan  grove,  because 
it  does  not  require  the  amount  of  care  and  cultivation 
necessary  to  other  crops,  and  if  you  do  not  live  to  reap 
the  benefits  from  it  yourself,  those  who  come  after  you, 
and  for  whom  it  is  your  duty  to  provide,  while  enjoying 


184        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

the  fruit  of  j^our  labor  and  forethought,  will  always  have 
a  green  spot  in  their  memory  for  the  goo  I  old  man  who 
was  so  thoughtful  as  to  provide  bountifully  for  them,  in 
his  old  age,  and  they  will  plant  a  fresh  flower  on  your 
grave  with  every  recurring  spring." 

Plant  a  grove  of  at  least  one  hundred  trees  next  fall ;  do 
not  wait  till  next  year.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  a 
few  years  they  will  prove  to  be  the  most  profitable  invest- 
ment you  ever  made.  Read  what  Mr.  A.  C.  Daniel,  of 
Crawford,  Ga.,  has  to  say  of  the  pecan : 

"  I  have  a  row  of  trees  at  the  back  of  my  garden  of  dif- 
ferent sizes.  The  largest  one  is  five  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  I  gathered  from  it  day  before  yesterday  eleven 
bushels  and  one  peck  of  nuts,  which  I  sold  in  Athens,  to 
Mr.  Jester,  for  forty-five  dollars  (^45.00).  I  have  trees 
six  or  seven  years  old  that  are  bearing.  I  believe  they 
can  be  made  to  bear  at  four  or  five  years  of  age.  A  pecan 
nut  raised  in  this  climate  is  far  superior  to  others.  I  can 
sell  all  the  nuts  I  raise  to  my  neighbors;  can  retail  them 
at  twenty  cents  per  pound — S8.00  per  bushel.  I  am 
going  to  set  me  out  an  orchard  and  push  them  from  the 
jump." 

Pecan  trees  are  propagated  by  planting  the  nuts  and 
by  budding  or  grafting.  There  is  a  great  difference  in 
the  quality  and  market  value  of  the  nuts  from  dii'erent 
sections  and  from  diff'erent  trees. 

Some  are  small,  thick  shelled,  of  poor  quality,  and 
should  be  carefully  avoided.  The  best  varieties  are  large, 
very  thin  shelled,  of  fine  flavor,  and  come  into  bearing  ir 
a  much  shorter  time  than  the  ordinary  kinds.  Nursery 
trees  two  or  three  years  old  are  of  very  suitable  size  for 
planting  in  groves,  and  if  properly  pruned  they  can  be 


THE    PECAN   NUT.  185 

transplanted  about  as  successfully  as  any  fruit  tree  of  the 
same  age.  They  will  grow  in  almost  any  soil  with  little 
attention,  but  much  better  results  will  be  obtained  when 
planted  in  rich  soil,  and  well  cultivated  and  manured. 
Rich  bottom  land,  if  not  too  wet,  is  excellent  for  them  ; 
but  the  largest  tree  that  I  have  ever  seen  is  growing  in 
an  elevated  place,  and  has  received  very  little  attention 
It  is  now  8  feet  in  circumference,  two  feet  from  the 
ground,  has  very  long  branches,  and  bears  immense 
crops  of  fine  nuts. 

Plant  the  trees  thirty  feet  apart  in  large,  well  manured 
holes.    Cultivate  well. 

Examine  the  trees  often  and  burn  all  twiggs  cut  by 
the  girdler.     This  insect  is  the  same  that  attacks  the 
hickory.     It  is  not  very  injurious  to  large  trees. 
12 


CHAPTER   XXXVI. 


THE  PLUM. 


While  not  so  valuable  as  the  peach  or  the  pear,  the 
plum  is  largely  cultivated  in  this  country,  and  some  of 
the  best  varieties  are  highly  esteemed.  It  is  propagated 
by  budding  and  grafting  on  its  own  roots,  or  those  of  the 
peach,  which  are  chiefly  employed,  and  on  most  soils  con- 
sidered superior  to  the  plum  stocks.  On  very  compact, 
clayey  soils,  it  will  succeed  better  on  its  own  roots.  If 
plum  stocks  are  to  be  used,  they  are  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  free  growing  kinds,  managed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  peach  seeds,  requiring  more  care  to  prevent  them 
from  becoming  dry.  The  native  or  Chickasaw  plum  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  stock.  When  this  is  used,  the  tree 
should  be  planted  deep  to  induce  rooting  above  the  graft. 
The  Wild  Goose,  an  exceedingly  popular  improved  vari- 
ety of  the  Chickasaw,  is  a  very  profitable  market  fruit. 
It  is  not  injured  by  the  curculio  so  much  as  other  varie- 
ties, bears  early  and  abundantly,  ships  in  a  perfect  con- 
dition to  almost  any  distance,  and  often  sells  in  North- 
ern markets  for  as  much  as  twelve  dollars  per  bushel. 

As  with  some  other  fruits,  the  best  flavor  of  the  Wild 
Goose  is  obtained  when  gathered  as  it  begins  to  color  and 
ripen  in  the  house.  The  trees  are  short-lived,  but 
as  every  farmer  can  raise  as  many  as  he  needs  by  graft- 
ing on  peach  seedlings,  it  matters  little  if  a  few  die  every 


THE    PLUM.  187 

year.     Market  orchards  of  this  plum  would  doubtless  be 
profitable  in  most  sections  of  the  South. 

Plum  trees  are  heavy  croppers,  and  to  remain  vigor- 
ous and  healthy  require  liberal  manuring  and  good  cul- 
tivation. The  pruning  of  the  tree  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  peach. 


Fig.  115.— Wild  Goose  Plum. 

The  greatest  drawback  to  the  successful  ^cultivation  of 
the  plum  is  the  curculio  or  plum  weevil,  which  is  no- 
ticed in  the  chapter  on  insects. 


188  THE   NURSERY   AND  THE   ORCHARD. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

In  this  list  (/)  indicates  a  foreign  variety;  (c)  Chick- 
asaw or  native  kind.  Plums  of  the  latter  class  are  very 
vigorous,  productive,  and  comparatively  free  from  at- 
tacks of  the  curculio,  but  the  foreign  kinds  are  superior 
in  quality. 

BASSETTE  S  AMERICAN,     (c.) 

Small,  crimson,  with  heavy  bloom  ;  flesh  sweet,'rich,  of 
good  quality  ;  tree  bears  young  and  exceedingly  prolific ; 
excellent  for  cooking.     August. 

COE'S  GOLDEN  DROP.    (/.) 

Large,  oval;  skin  light  yellow,  with  dark-red  spots; 
stalk  about  an  inch  long ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  adhering 
close  to  stone,  rich,  sweet  and  delicious;  tree  moderately 
vigorous.     August. 

CUMBERLAND,    (c.) 
Large,  yellow,  very  sweet  and  juicy    Origin  Augusta. 
August  and  September. 

COLUMBIA. 

Large,  brownish  purple,  dotted  with  fawn-colored 
specks,  covered  with  much  bloom ;  stalk  about  an  inch 
long,  stout,  inserted  in  a  narrow,  small  cavity ;  flesh 
orange,  not  very  juicy,  but  very  sugary  when  fully  ripe, 
separates  freely  from  the  stone,  except  on  the  edge.  _  Me- 
dium season. 

DAMSON  (COMMON  BLUE,   WELL  KNOWN.)    (f.) 

A  valuable  market  sort;  very  prolific;  comparatively 
free  from  attacks  of  the  curculio  ;  separates  partially  from 
the  stone.     September. 

DeCARADEUC.    (c.) 
Medium,  round;  skin  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek;  flesh 
juicy  and  finely  flavored  ;    this  excellent  variety  is  hy- 
brid between  the  Chickasaw  and  a  European  variety. 
Origin  South  Carolina.    June. 


THE   PLUM.  189 

DUANE'S   PURPLE.    (/.) 
Large,  oblong  ;  handsome  skin,  a  reddish  purple  ;  flesh 
amber-colored,  juicy  and  of  good  flavor,  adheres  partially 
to  the  stone ;  tree  prolific  and  a   strong  grower.     Season 
medium. 

EARLY   YELLOW  PRUNE,    {f.) 
Large,  oval ;  yellow,  with  red  dots   in  the  sun ;  flesh 
yellow,  sweet,  juicy,  with  a  very  agreeable  flavor  ;  sepa- 
rates from  the  stone  ;  tree  a  good  grower  and  bears  well. 
July. 

GERMAN  PRUNE.    (  f.) 

Long,  oval ;  one  side  swollen,  dark  purple,  with  a  blue 
bloom  ;  flesh  sweet,  green  and  of  a  very  agreeable  flavor, 
separates  from  the  stone ;  much  esteemed  for  drying, 
abundant  bearer.     August. 

GREEN  GAGE.    (  f) 

Small,  round,  yellowish  green  ;  flesh  pale  green,  of  best 
quality  ;  usually  separates  from  the  stone;  tree  a  spread- 
ing, slow  grower.     July. 

HULING'S    SUPERB.    (/) 

Large,  roundish,  oval,  with  distinct,  though  shallow 
suture  ;  greenish  yellow,  covered  with  pale  bloom  ;  flesh 
greenish,  yellow,  rather  coarse,  but  with  rich,  sprightly 
flvaor;  tree  very  vigorous,  upright,  large  foliage,  mod- 
erate bearer,  good  quality,  adheres  to  the  stone.  July. 
IMPERIAL  GAGE.     (  f) 

Large,  greenish  yellow,  rich,  juicy,  of  fine  quality ; 
usually  nearly  free  from  the  stone;  a  vigorous,  upright 
grower,  prolific.     Jul}'. 

ITALIAN  PRUNE.    (  f ) 

Medium,  oval,  dark  blue ;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  of  good 
quality,  separates  from  the  stone  ;  tree  a  strong,  spread- 
ing grower.     August. 

LOMBARD.    (/) 

Medium,  oval ;  skin  red ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy  and  of 
agreeable  flavor  adheres  to  the  stone ;  tree  strong 
grower,  prolific.     July. 


190  THE    NURSERY  AND   THE  ORCHARD. 

MARIANNA.     (c) 
Seedling  of  Wild  Goose.     Of  Texas  origin ;  large,  round; 
skin  bright  red  ;  good  quality,  prolific, 

MAGNUM  BONUM  (YELLOW  EGG.)    (/.) 
Very  large,  oval,  yellow,  with  white  dots  ;  flesh  yellow, 
sweet,  of  fair  flavor  ;  tree  moderately  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive.   July. 

MOROCCO,  if) 
Medium,  roundish  ;  skin  purple,  covered  with  a  pale 
thin  bloom  ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy  and  finely  fla- 
vored, adhering  slightly  to  the  stone;  growth  rather 
slow  and  moderate  bearer ;  a  good  early  plum,  free  from 
curculio. 

MINER,     (c) 
Medium,  oblong,  red,  with  a  fine  bloom,  adheres  to  the 
stone ;  tree  a  strong  grower,  prolific.     September. 
NEWMAN'S,    (c) 
Medium,  oval,  light  scarlet,  with  a  thin  bloom  ;  flesh 
pinkish,  juicy,  adheres  to  the  stone ;  tree  healthy,  hardy, 
vigorous  and  productive.     July. 

ORLEANS.     (/) 
Medium,  rounrl,  a  little  enlarged  on  one  side  of  the  dis- 
tinct suture ;  skin  dark  red,  purple  in   the  sun  ;  flesh 
yellowish,  sweet,  somewhat   acid,  separates  freely   from 
the  stone;  tree  vigorous;  season  medium. 
POND'S  SEEDLING.    (  f) 
Very  large,  oval,  skin  yellowish,  nearly   covered  with 
red  or  carmine,   thin   whitish   bloom,   sprinkled   with 
brownish  dots;  flesh  yellow,  a  little  coarse,  juicy  and 
sweet;  tree  very  vigorous  and  productive.     August. 
PRINCE'S  YELLOW  G  AGE.     {f.) 
Above  medium,  deep   yellow;  flesh   yellow,  rich  and 
sweet,  productive.     August. 

RED  MAGNUM  BOMUN  (RED  EGG.)    (/) 
Large,  oval,  red,  with  gray  dots  ;  flesh  greenish,  coarse, 
subacid,  separating  from  the  stone;  tree  a  slow  grower. 
August. 


THE    PLUM.  191 

RICHLAND,     if) 

Medium,  oval,  a  little  pointed  at  apex ;  skin  reddish 
purple,  covered  with  a  thin  bloom;  stalk  in  a  small  cavi- 
ty ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  adheres  partially 
to  the  stone ;  tree  upright,  vigorous,  very  valuable  for 
market. 

*  SHROPSHIRE  DAMSON.     ( f) 

Resembles  common  blue  Damson ;  but  little  superior 
to  it,  almost  free  from  curculio ;  blooms  late  and  is  very 
prolific. 

WEAVER  PLUM. 

Medium,  purple,  with  blue  bloom ;  of  fine  quality  ; 
bears  regularly  and  profusely  ;  tree  very  hardy.  August. 
WILD  GOOSE,    (c) 

An  improved  variety  of  the  Chickasaw  ;  large,  oblong; 
skin  bright  red  ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  cling  ;  tree  very 
prolific ;  a  very  profitable  market  fruit.  Ripens  in  June. 
QUACKENBOS.     (/) 

Large,  oblong,  roundish ;  skin  deep  purple,  covered 
with  bluish  bloom  ;  suture  hardly  apparent ;  stalk  long 
and  slender,  set  in  a  slight  depressed  cavity;  flesh 
greenish  yellow,  a  little  coarse,  but  sweet  and  juicy,  ad- 
heres slightly  to  the  stone  ;  a  rapid,  upright  grower  and 
productive.    Origin  Albany.    August. 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 


THE  POMEGRANATE. 

This  beautiful  fruit  succeeds  perfectly  in  the  warmer 
portions  of  the  Southern  States,  and  can  be  grown  in 
colder  latitudes  if  protected  in  winter.  The  pomegran- 
ate has  an  agreeable,  sweet  flavor,  and  is  much  esteemed. 
The  skin  of  the  fruit  is  hard,  of  an  orange  color  with  a 
red  cheek.  The  peculiar  crown  on  the  blossom  end  is 
the  result  of  an  enlargement  of  the  calyx. 

The  tree  grows  from  ten  to  twenty  feet;  has  numerous 
small  branches. 

It  is  propagated  by  layers,  cuttings,  suckers  or  seeds, 
requires  very  little  pruning,  and  gives  best  results  when 
planted  in  rich  soil. 


CHAPTER  XXXVIIL 


THE  QUINCE. 

This  small,  hardy,  irregular  growing  tree,  as  usually- 
seen,  is,  perhaps,  the  most  unsightly  of  all  fruit  trees; 
but  by  a  little  attention  by    the    way  of  pruning  and 


Fig.  116  — Orange  Quince. 

training,  it  becomes  an  object  of  ornament,  both  when  i 
blossom  and  when  laden  with   its   ripe   orange-colored 
fruit. 

It  succeeds  admirably  in  this  country  and  is  highly 


194        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

esteemed.  The  trees  seldom  grow  higher  than  fifteen 
feet,  and  have  a  strong  tendency  to  send  up  numerous 
suckers  from  their  base.  They  are  sometimes  trained 
with  several  stems  from  the  same  roots,  but  they  have  a 
much  neater  appearance  if  only  one  is  left,  about  two 
feet  high. 

The  trees  are  propagated  by  grafting,  and  from  layers 
and  cuttings.  They  are  gross  feeders,  and  to  be  healthy 
and  productive,  must  have  a  generous  supply  of  nutri- 
ment. In  very  cold  climates,  the  roots  are  injured  by 
deep  freezing,  and  mulching  is  resorted  to  as  a  means  of 
protection.  The  roots  of  quince  trees  are  very  near  the 
surface,  hence  their  cultivation  should  not  be  very  deep. 
A  small  quantity  of  salt  applied  to  the  soil  will  be  found 
beneficial  to  most  fruit  trees,  especially  so  to  the  quince. 
The  two  principal  obstacles  in  the  way  of  quince  culture 
are  the  blight  and  the  borer. 

There  is  always  a  good  market  price  for  fine  specimens 
of  this  fruit,  and  the  person  who  devotes  his  attention 
to  its  culture,  studies  its  habits  and  learns  to  minister 
properl}'  to  its  wants,  will  certainly  be  highly  pleased 
with  the  results,  and  amply  repaid  for  all  his  trouble. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

ANGERS. 
Large,  pear-shaped,  good  quality  ;  tree  a  ihrifty  grower 
and  very  prolific. 

APPLE  OR  ORANGE. 
Large,  roundish,  bright  golden  yellow,  cooks  tender, 
fine  flavor;  highly   esteemed  for   preserving;  the  most 
popular  of  the  old  varieties. 


THE   QDINCB.  195 

CHAMPION. 

Large  and  handsome ;  fruit  good  quality  ;  tree   very 
productive. 

CHINESE. 
Very  large,  greenish  yellow  ;  tree  grows  luxuriantly ; 
blooms  very  early  in  spring ;  fruit  of  fair  quality  and 
will  keep  till  March. 

PORTUGAL. 
Large,  of  mild  flavor,  esteemed  for  baking ;  tree  a  strong 
grower,  but  not  so  certain  bearer  as  the  Orange  Quince. 
REA'S  MAMMOTH. 
Very  large,  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Orange  Quince, 
which  it  very  much  resembles;  Iruit  of  good  quality; 
tree  thrifty  grower. 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 


THE  RASPBERRY. 

The  raspberry  is  a  low  growing  shrub  common  to  both 
Europe  and  America.  The  wood  is  biennial — that  of 
one  year's  growth,  bearing  the  succeeding  year,  and  dy- 
ing soon  after  fruiting.  It  is  divided  into  two  distinct 
classes,  known  as  the  upright  growing,  which  includes 
the  red  kinds,  and  the  cap,  which  includes  the  black 
kinds.  The  first  class  is  propagated  from  suckers,  which 
spring  up  from  the  roots  every  year.  They  are  increased 
very  rapidly  from  root-cuttings,  which  are  pieces  of  roots 
an  inch  or  two  long,  planted  in  the  fall  or  early  spring,  and 


Fig.  117. 

•covered  one  or  two  inches  deep.  A  mulch  of  some  light 
material  will  prevent  the  ground  from  baking.  Numer- 
ous plants  'can  be  obtained  by  cutting  circles  with  a 
spade  a  few  inches  apart  around  the  plant.  The  cut 
portions  of  root  will  make  'strong  plants  by  the  end  of 
the  season.     In  taking  up  sucker  kinds  be  careful  to  re- 


THE   RASPBERRY.  197 

tain  a  portion  of  the  old  root,  as  represented  in  /igr.  117. 
The  cap  varieties  are  propagated  from  the  tips  or  ends 
of  the  young  canes  which  bend  over  and  take  root.  To 
facilitate  rooting  the  ends  of  the  canes  are  covered  with 
a  few  inches  of  soil  in  the  latter  part  of  summer,  or  as 
soon  as  they  stop  growing.  They  will  be  ready  for 
taking  up  in  the  fall.  The  tip  varieties  can  be  increased 
very  rapidly  by  checking  the  new  growth  when  it  gets 


Fig.  118. 

about  two  feet  high,  as  shown  in  fig.  118.  This  causes  the 
plants  to  throw  out  side  branches,  which  are  ^in  turn 
shortened  in  when  a  foot  or  two  long,  and  produce  other 
branches.  In  this  way  a  single  bush  will  furnish  a 
large  number  of  tips  to  be  layered  late  in  the  season. 

The  soil  for  the  raspberry  should  be  deep  and  rich. 
For  garden  culture  they  can  be  planted  in  stools  of  three 
or  four  plants  each,  two  or  three  feet  apart.  The  grow- 
ing canes  should  be  pinched  back  when  three  feet  high — 
not  allowed  to  obtain  their  full  growth.  By  this  means 
they  grow  strong  and  branching,  produce  better  fruits 
and  do  not  require  supports.  If  the  tops  and  side 
branches  are  kept  properly  pinched  back  while  growing, 
they  form  a  perfect  hedge  and  bear  immense  crops  of  th 


198        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

finest  specimens  of  berries.  In  cultivating,  all  young 
canes  are  kept  cut  away,  except  those  that  are  to  be  left 
lor  the  next  year's  bearing.     After  fruiting,  the  bearing 


Fig.  119.— Cuthbert.  ' 


canes  are  of  no  further  use,  and  are  cut  away  to  give  the 
young  canes  a  better  chance  to  make  a  vigorous  growth. 
Tf  supports  for  raspberries  are  desired,  they  can  be  kept 
in  hills  and  tied  to  stakes,  or  strips  nailed  to  the  tops  of 
posts  three  feet  high  may  be  used.  The  raspberry  has 
become  one  of  the  most  profitable  of  small  fruits,  and 
large  quantities  are  marketed,  both  fresh  and  evaporated. 
It  succeeds  best  at  the  South  when  planted  on  the  north 
side  of  a  fence  or  building.  By  planting  the  earliest 
and  latest  kinds,  the  season  of  this  berry  may  be  ex- 
tended over  a  period  of  several  weeks.  They  may  be 
had  late  in  the  season  by  cutting  down  the  stools  to 
within  a  few  inches  of  the  ground  in  spring.  The 
young  canes  that  come  up  will  mature  their  crop  in  Au- 
gust and  September. 

Raspberries  delight  in  rich  soil,  and  respond  readily  to 
good  cultivation,  but  no  one  should  be  deterred  from 
planting  them  by  the  thought  that  they  require  too 


THE   RASPBERRY. 


199 


much  attention  to  be  profitable.  A  few  rows  near  the 
house  with  only  a  little  attention  in  the  way  of  pinching 
and  cultivating  will  supply  a  family  with  this  fruit  for 
several  weeks  in  the  early  summer.  Even  from  a  few 
plants  that  are  put  out  in  fence  corners,  and  have  an 
occasional  cleaning  out  of  weeds  and  old  wood,  moderate 
quantities  of  fair  fruit  are  obtained.     Coming  in  at  so 


■  Fig.  120.— Gregg. 

favorable  a  season,  being  a  certain  crop,  and  bearing  so 
large  quantities  of  fruit  in  a  small  space  and  with  little 
attention,  it  is  surprising  that  every  family  is  not  sup- 
plied with  the  raspberry.  Of  the  red  varieties,  the  Cuth- 
bert  is  one  of  the  best,  while  of  the  black,  the  Gregg  is 
very  popular. 


200  THE   NUBSERY   AND   THE   ORCHARD. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

BRANDYWINE. 

Medium,  roundish,  obtuse,  conical,  bright  red;  flesh 
firm,  moderately  juicy,  sprightly,  subacid.  Origin  .said 
to  be  Delaware. 

CAROLINE. 

Large,  roundish,  oblate,  orange  yellow,  with  a  slight 
bloom,  grains  medium  size  ;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  sweet  and 
rich ;  canes  strong,  vigorous,  sometimes  branching,  pale 
red  in  the  sun,  with  a  thin  whitish  bloom  and  a  few 
slender  green  spines  ;  a  very  prolific  bearer ;  it  is  thought 
to  be  a  seedling  of  Brinckle's  Orange  and  a  Golden  Cap. 
CUTHBERT. 

Medium,  roundish,  bright  red  or  crimson,  a  darker 
shade  when  fully  ripe;  grains  small,  compact,  separates 
freely  from  the  stalk;  flesh  firm,  sweet  and  juicy  ;  canes 
strong,  vigorous,  upright,  often  branching;  spines  short, 
stout,  purplish  and  numerous  ;  it  suckers  freely  ;  fine  for 
family  and  market  use. 

DAVISON'S  THORNLESS. 
Similar  to  the  American  Blackcap,   only  it   ripens  a 
few  days  earlier ;  almost  as  vigorous  and  about  as   pro- 
ductive, not  so  large,  but  sweeter;  canes  have  no  spines, 
except  small  ones  on  the  leaf  stalk.     Origin  New  York. 
DOOLITTLE. 
Similar  to  the  American  Black,  though  much  better ; 
canes  vigorous,  branching ;    spines  whitish,    stout  and 
numerous  ;  very  productive  ;  fine  for  market. 
GOLDEN  THORNLESS. 
Oblate,  sometimes  conical,  slight  bloom,  dull  orange  ; 
tolerably  firm,   sweet  and  juicy ;  moderately   vigorous, 
very  productive,  and  has  very  few  spines. 
GREGG. 

Large,  roundish  oblate,  black  with  slight  bloom  grains 
large,  compact ;  flesh  moderately  juicy,  rich  and  sweet 


THE    RASPBERRY.  201 

similar  to  the  Mammoth  Cluster  in  quality,  but  larger 
and  more  productive;  it  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Black- 
cap family,  hardy,  strong  grower;  canes  strong,  branch- 
ing, with  a  few  sharp  greenish  spines ;  it  commands  the 
highest  price  in  market. 

HEESTINE, 

Very  large,  bright  scarlet;  flesh  moderately  firm, 
sweet  and  juicy ;  separates  from  the  core  freely  ;  canes 
strong,  erect,  spines  short,  strong,  scattering,  greenish 
white,  a  little  purple. 

MAMMOTH  CLUSTER. 

Larger  than  Doolittle  Black  Cap,  but  a  little  later. 
PHILADELPHIA. 

Medium,  roundish,  dark  crimson  ;  flesh  soft,  mild,  sub- 
acid, separates  freely;  canes  vigorous,  tall,  branching,  al- 
most free  from  spines. 

SOUTHERN  THORNLESS. 

Medium,  roundish,  conical,  brilliant  red;  grains  of 
medium  size,  compact ;  flesh  soft,  sweet,  not  rich  ;  canes 
vigorous,  reddish  on  the  sunny  side;  upright,  not  often 
with  branches ;  few  short,  purple  spines ;  foliage  large 
and  abundant,  productive ;  a  nice  variety  for  family 
use. 

13 


CHAPTER  XL. 


th£  strawberry. 

It  is  uncertain  how  the  name  "  strawberry "  origi- 
nated, but  it  is  a  fact  patent  to  all  that  it  is  applied  to 
the  earliest,  most  beautiful  and  most  delicious  of  small 
fruits. 

Strawberries  should  find  a  welcome  at  every  home. 
No  spot  of  ground  on  the  farm  will  give  so  rich  returns 
as  the  strawberry  bed  that  receives  the  proper  attention, 
and  in  field  culture  the  profits  are  sometimes  almost  fab- 
ulous. The  plants  are  raised  principally  from  runners, 
which  are  thrown  out  after  fruiting,  take  root  during 
the  summer  and  autumn,  and  are  ready  to  trans- 
plant in  the  fall  or  the  following  spring.  One  hundred  root- 
ed runners  are  sometimes  taken  from  a  single  plant  in  one 
season.  While  the  strawberry  will  grow  and  bear  crops 
on  almost  any  kind  of  soil,  with  the  most  indifferent  treat- 
ment, to  give  the  best  results,  it  requires  a  deep,  rich  soil, 
good  cultivation  and  abundance  of  moisture.  It  is  indeed 
a  gross  feeder,  and  there  is  little  danger  that  the  supply 
of  nutriment  will  be  too  great. 

Almost  any  kind  of  manure  is  received  with  thanks, 
and  a  top  dressing  of  ashes  is  very  highly  appreciated. 

A  large  number  of  varieties  have  been  Introduced, 
many  of  which  have  special  merits  that  adapt  them  to 
certain  localities,  but  it  often  happens  that  the  variety 
which  succeeds  best  at  one  place  is  wholly  unsuited  to 
another.  Hence,  in  making  large  plantings  of  the  straw- 
berry it  is  best  to  use  only  such  kinds  as  are  known  to 
succeed  in  the  particular  locality.  Some  varieties  of  this 
fruit  are  bisexual,  or  have  perfect  flowers,  and  produce 
fruit  when  planted  alone  ;  others  have  imperfect  flowers, 
and  are  either  entirely  barren,  or  bear  fruit  only  when 
ther  flowers  are  fertilized  with  the  pollen  from  other 


THE    STRAWBERRY.  203 

flowers.  Fig.  121  represents  a  perfect  flower,  having  both 
stamens  and  pistils;  a  pistillate  flower,  having  only  the 
female  organs,  is  shown  in  fig.  122.  Flowers  of  the  stam- 
inate  or  barren  kind,  having  only  male  organs. 


Fig.  121.  Fig.  122. 

Some  of  our  most  popular  varieties  of  strawberries  are 
pistillate  and  require  fertilizing  with  the  pollen  from  the 
male  organs  of  other   flowers   to   be  fruitful.     This  is 


Fig.  123.— Sharpless. 
usually  done  by  planting  one  row  of  a  kind  producing 
perfect  flowers  to  every  four  or  five  rows  of  the  pistillate 
varieties.    'JT*^ 
Staminate  plants  are  of  very  little  value,  as  the  per- 


204        THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

feet  flowering  or  bisexual  kinds  will  bear  crops  and  fer- 
tilizes the  pistillate  varieties  at  the  same  time.  Do 
not  mix  the  two  classes  of  plants  in  the  same  row.  They 
can  be  kept  separate,  if  the  rows  are  only  a  few  feet  apart, 
by  cutting  off  all  the  runners,  but  the  fruit  of  the  pistil- 
late kind  will  be  a  cross,  and  the  seeds  from  the  fruit 
when  planted  may  produce  valuable  new  varieties,  but 
the  chances  are  not  very  favorable  When  seeds  are  to 
be  planted,  the  thoroughly  ripened  fruit  is  mashed  up 
and  well  mixed  with  sand,  and  the  whole  planted  in  a 
partially  shaded  place,  or  in  a  box,  and  covered  very 
lightl\%  not  more  than  an  eighth  of  inch  deep,  with  fine 
soil.  If  well  watered,  the  plants  will  be  large  enough  in 
the  fall  to  set  out  in  the  bed.  Some  of  them  may  devel- 
op superior  qualities,  but  we  already  have  so  many  val- 
uable kinds,  superior  seedlings  will  be  obtained  only  in 
rare  instances.  At  the  South,  fall  is  the  usual  time 
of  setting  out  strawberries.  If  done  in  August  or  Sep- 
tember, and  the  plants  are  well  watered  and  protected 
froai  the  sun,  they  will  bear  good  crops  the  next  spring 


.im, 


Fig'  124. 
after  planting.  The  ground  must  be  deeply  plowed  and 
thoroughly  enriched.  If  for  field  culture,  the  rows  are 
madethreeor  three  and  one-half  feet  apart,  with  a  space 
of  one  to  two  feet  between  the  plants.  For  garden  cul- 
ture, they  can  be  planted  much  closer  together,  leaving 
the  plants  far  enough  apart  to  be  cultivated  conven- 


THE    STRAWBERRY. 


205 


iently.  Rooted  runners  of  one  year's  growth  are  used. 
They  should  be  taken  up  very  carefully  and  the  roots 
kept    straight,    until    ready    i'or    planting,    and    placed 


Fi-    126.— A   Badly   Planted 
Straw'Vierry  Plant. 

in    the   ground   up   to   the  crown   of    the    plant,   wdth 
the  dirt  thoroughly  worked  in  among  the  roots.     Fur- 


Fig.  125.— A  Badly  Dug  Strawberry 
Plant. 


fc 


Fig.  127. 

ro'vs  may  be  made  with  a  plow,  or  holes  made  with  a 
dibble  or  trowel,  anything,  so  the  roots  are  not  matted,  and 
the  dirt  is  pressed  firmly  about  them.     (See  Jig.  124) 


206 


THE   NURSERY   AliiD   THE    ORCHARD. 


In  dry  weather  the  roots  should  be  wet  before  planting. 
Various  systems  of  cultivation  are  in  practice,  each  of 
which  has  its  advocates  and  advantages.  In  the  hill  sys- 
tena  all  the  runners  are  kept  cut  away  before  they  take 
root,  as  represented  in  fig.  127.  By  this  method,  which 
is  well  suited  to  garden  culture,  the  quantity  of  the  fruit 
is  reduced  while  the  quality  is  improved.  The  largest 
specimens  may  be  raised  by  cutting  off  all  the  young 
berries,  except  a  few  of  the  most  promising,  and  keeping 
the  plants  well  watered.  The  matted  row  system  is  rep- 
resented in  fig.  128.     The   runners  are  allowed  to   take 


Fig.  128. 

root  on  the  row,  the  middle  being  kept  clean  by  cultiva- 
tion. Large  quantities  of  fruit  are  obtained  in  this 
way,  but  considerable  labor  is  required  to  keep  down 
weeds  and  grass,  much  of  which  has  to  be  done  by  hand. 
Modifications  of  these  systems  are. sometimes  adopted. 
Matted  hills  are  preferred  by  some.  The  runners  are  al- 
lowed to  take  root,  but  are  kept  in  hills  by  cultivating 
both  ways. 


THE    STRAWBERRY.  207 

They  are  sometimes  left  in  rows  and  only  a  portion  of 
the  runners  allowed  to  take  root. 

Whatever  system  of  cultivation  is  adopted,  abundant 
nutriment  and  moisture  are  indispensable.  As  a  means 
of  protection  during  winter  in  cold  climates,  and  at  the 
same  time  for  the  purpose  of  retaining  moisture,  mulch- 
ing is  resorted  to.  Siich  material  as  hay,  straw  or  pine 
leaves  is  used.  A  covering  an  inch  or  two  deep  put  on  in 
the  fall  prevents  the  freezing  and  thawing,  by  which  the 
plants  are  often  raised  out  of  the  ground  and  die  in  con- 
sequence. The  mulch  is  sometimes  Isft  on  till  fruiting 
is  over.  If  the  ground  becomes  hard,  the  mulch  shoukl 
be  removed  and  a  good  stirring  given  before  the  blos- 
soms are  set.  It  can  then  be  replaced  to  remain  till  fruit- 
ing is  over,  as  a  protection  to  the  crops.  By  some,  the 
mulch  is  retained  during  the  summer;  others  prefer 
clean  cultivation  after  fruiting.  A  coating  of  well  rotted 
manure  or  compost  spread  over  the  vines  acts  as  an  ex- 
cellent mulch  and  fertilizer. 

Cotton  seed  applied  in  the  fall  and  forked  in  lightl}'- 
in  the  spring  enriches  the  ground  and  protects  the  plants 
during  winter. 

The  crowns  of  the  plants  must  not  be  smothered  by  too 
deep  covering.  Strawberry  beds  or  plantations  should 
be  renewed  every  few  years.  This  is  sometimes  done  by 
letting  the  runners  take  root  in  the  middles  and  plowing 
up  the  old  vines.  The  season  of  the  strawberry  can  be 
very  much  prolonged  by  planting  the  latest  and  earliest 
kinds  in  northern  and  southern  exposures,  respectively. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 
BIDWELL. 
Medium  to  large,  bright  crimson ;  flesh  red,  firm,  juicy 
subacid,  rich,  very    vigorous,  with  light,  green  leaves, 
productive,  and  continues  long  in  bearing. 
CHARLES  DOWNING. 
Large,  deep  scarlet ;  flesh   sweet,  luscious ;  plant  vig- 
orous and  very  productive. 


208         THE  NURSERY  AND  THE  ORCHARD. 

CRESCENT  SEEDLING. 
Medium,  conical,  uniform  in  size,  brilliant  red,  excel- 
lent quality;  plants  strong,  vigorous,  3neld  abundantly  ; 
fine  for  market.     Pistillate. 

DUCHESS. 
Medium  to  large,   roundish,   regular  in   form,    scarlet ; 
flesh  pale  red,  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  subacid  j   plant  vig- 
orous; foliage  medium  size,  of  a  very  dark  green,  very 
productive. 

GLENDALE. 
Medium,  long,   conical,   light   red;  flesh  firm;  plant 
hardy,  healthy,  vigorous,  large  green  leaves,  very  pro- 
ductive. 

MONARCH   OF  THE  WEST. 
Large,  light  red;  flesh  moderately  firm  and  delicious; 
plant  strong,   vigorous,   leaves    unusually   large;    very 
early,  valuable  for  market. 

SHARPLESS. 
Large,  roundish,  conical,  bright  scarlet ;  flesh  light  red, 
firm,  sweet  and  pleasant  flavor;   plant  vigorous,  large, 
dark  green  leaves. 

TRIOMPHE    DeGAND. 
Large,  roundish,  often  coxcomb  shape ;   bright  red  next 
the  calyx,  greenish  white  at  the  point;  flesh  firm,  white, 
hollow  at  the  core  ;  vines  vigorous,  hardy. 
WILSON'S  ALBANY. 
Large,  pointed,  deep  crimson ;  flesh   tender,  acid  and 
agreeable ;  productive  and  hardy  ;  valuable  for  family  use 
and  market. 

WINDSOR  CHIEF. 
Large,  conical,  deep  scarlet ;  flesh  dark  red,  soft,  rich 
and  acid;  vigorous  grower,  with  healthy  foliage  of  a  dark 
green.     Pistillate. 

MINORO  MINER'S  PROLIFIC. 
Medium  roundish,  surface  irregular,   dark  red;   flesh 
pale  red,  moderately  firm,  subacid,  juicy;  plant  hardy, 
vigorous,  light  green  foliage  ;  prolific  bearer. 
KENTUCKY. 
Large,  conical,  bright  red  ;  flesh  white,  firm,  sweet  and 
juicy;  plant  vigorous,  strong  and  productive  ;  long  fruit 
stalks,  bearing  the  berries  up  from  the  ground. 

PBOPfcRTY  0^ 
A,  A.  E-  COULEQE 


A  Journal  for  Gardeners  and  Fruit  Growers— A  helper  for  Florists — 
An  aid  for  Market  Gardeners— A  guide  for  amateurs,  is 

The  AMERICAN  GARDEN 


Established  1872, 
By  Dr.  F.  M.  HEXAMER. 

A  Monthly  Illustrated  Magazine 

OF  HORTIOULTURE. 

^+    •  \{     +    Connected  with  any  mercantile  house. 

j\    \S    ©/\OT    An  organ  of  any  merchant. 
An  advertising  sheet. 

/^^    •        Thoroughly  practical. 
j\    l^     An  independant  Journal. 

J    Devoted  wholly  to  horticulture. 

Edited  and  written  by  horticulturists. 

(S't   /^H^  o  ^r«   "^^^  cordial  co-operation  of  horticulturists. 
J  I    €/*\Sl^\    A  good  word  for  it  to  your  friends. 

/^A     p  No  axes  to  grind,  /^a  'DO  4.   Puff  unworthy  varieties. 

^I    l\©V.^    Nothing  to  sell      ^\    V^l[[    nOT    Admit  fraudulent  advertise- 
^     J   Nothing  to  puff.  (  ments. 

/^A  *  PP  Give  every  promising  new  variety  and  method  a  fair  hearing. 

j[    W  III    Expose  fraud  of  every  degree. 

Stand  fearlessly  for  truth. 

Promote  all  good  work  in  horticulture . 

Be  greatly  improved  under  the  new  owners. 

Deserve  support. 

Its  contributors  are  such  men  as  P.  J.  Berckmans,  Peter  Henderson,  William  Fal- 
coner, M.  Milton.  P.  T.  Quinn,  A.  S.  Fuller,  E.  P.  Roe,  W.  C.  Barry,  E.  D.  Sturte- 
vant,  Charies  E.  Parnell,  Josiah  Hoopes,  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  E.  S.  Rand,  Charles 
H    Shinn,  and  a  host  of  others. 

It  is  carefully  and  beautifully  illustrated,  and  elegantly  printed  on  fine  paper. 

Subscription  price,  $1  00  a  year.     Single  number  10  cts. 

No  free  sample  copies.     Address 

E.  H.  LTBBY.  Publisher, 

47  Dey  St.,  New  York,  or  Greenfield,  Mass. 


Jackson  County  Nurseries, 


J-  O".  TXJSTIOE, I=roprietor- 


OFFEKS   A   LARGE   AND   VARIED 
STOCK   OP 

FE1IIT  imi,  m^  ms, 

Orname&tal  Trees,  Shrubs,  Eoses,  h 


THe  proprietor  has  for  many  years  made  a  specialty  of  South- 
ern seedling  fruits,  and  having  collected  and  tested  many  of 
he  moat  desirable  kinds,  now  offers  to  So  \thern  Planters  a  list 
of  varieties  which  cannot  fail  to  please. 

Believing  that  the  soil  and  climate  of  most  of  the  Southern 

States  are  well  suited  to  grape  culture,  he  has  tested,  and  is  still 

testing,  most  of  the  old  and  new  varieties  of  grapes,  and  hopes 

con  to  present  a  list  of  reliable  varieties,  more  desirable  than 

hose  now  generally  cultivated. 

Most  liberal  terms  to  agents. 


NURSERIES 


ESTABLISHED  1838. 


'^'^Jb^ 


i^t5<^ 


^9'm 


WILSON,  Jr. 

fThe  LARGEST  and  MOST  BEAUTI- 

1     FUL   PEAR  of  GOOD  QUALITY, 

Ripening  in  New  York  State  in  July. 

HEADQUARTERS  for  Kieflfer's  Hybrid  Pears.  Also,  LeUonte 

and  other  Oriental  and   Hybrids. 

MARLBORO,  HANSELL 

and  RANCOCAS  Rasp- 

berries.      ^IT'  WILSON,  JUNIOR,  BLACKBERRIES. 

POUGHKEEPSIE  RED,  ULSTER    PROLIFIC,    HAYES 

and  NIAGARA  GRAPES. 

Send  for  complete  catalogue  of  all  the  new  and  worthy  old  varieties 
Strawberries,  Raspberries,  Blackberries,  Grapes,  Currants,  Fruit, 
Shade  and  Ornamental  Trees.    Vines  a  id  Plants  in  variety. 

WILLIAM  PARRY, 
Parry  P.  0.,  New  Jersey. 


LAWSON 


ptBR)  inmmB  { 


I  A.BLANC, 

I      314  N.  IITH  ST.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


I 


^<;^^3^10,000    ELECTROS  ,£::^' 

OF S 

Flowers,  Fruits,  Trees,  and  | 

Ornamental  Cuts,  § 

^^'    FOR  SALE  CHEAP.     -^  | 

g      LARGE  BOOK,  sboTving  each  one,  sent  on   1 
g  receipt  of  25  cents,  deducted  from  first  order.  S 

I       ALL  KINDS  OF  CUTS  MADE  TO  ORDER       I 

§  I 

5  at  low  rates.    LIST  of  Fruit  Electros  and  Col-  1 

g  ored  Plates  free.  9 

I  ENGRAVER  FOR  I 

I  FLORISTS,  SEEDSMEN  and  NURSERYJMLEN.  | 


PURDY'S 

FRUIT  RECORDER. 

Published  and  edited  by  a  man  having  36  years'  practical  experience, 
and  now  having  200  acres  under  fruit,  with  evaporating  buildings, 
green-houses,  etc.,  right  in  the  midst  of  the  great  fruit  section  of  west- 
ern New  York.    Monthly,  20  pages,  $1  00  per  year.    Specimen  free. 

Each  number  speaks  for  itself .  Valuable  premium  to  every  sub- 
scriber.   Grand  and  liberal  inducements  to  club  agents.    Address 

A.  M.  PURDY,  Palmyra,  N.  T. 

PURDY'S 


NEW  EDITION  (1880)  OF  THE 


Small  Fruit  Instructor 

It  tells,  in  plain,  simple  language,  how  to  plant,  grow  and  market 
the  above,  how  to  get  the  best  crops,  giving  the  best  plans  for  grow- 
ing ;  how  to  dry,  force,  pot  grow  seedlings ;  plans  of  drying-houses, 
grape-trellises,  etc.  It  is  as  full  of  practical  matter  as  an  egg  is  or 
meat.  You  wouldn't  exchange  it  for  any  $1.00  or  $1.50  book  on  the 
same  subject  that  you  ever  saw.  The  writer  has  compressed  into  this 
work  his  thirty  years'  experience.  64  pages.  Paper  cover,  25c.;  cloth 
bound  50c. — postpaid.     Postage  stamps  accepted. 

Agents  wanted.    Also,  his  Catalogue  of 

SMALL  FRUITS,  TREES,  SEED,  Etc., 

Free  to  all  applicants.    Address         A.  M.  PURDY,  Palmyra,  N.  Y. 


POMONA  HILL 

-NURSERIES,- 


Salem  Junction,  N.  C 

(Near  Greensboro.) 


OVEK  TWO  HUNDRED  ACRES  IN  NURSERY  STOCK, 


All  the  new  and  old  varieties  suited  to  the  Southern  and 
border  States. 

My  trees  are  now  bearing  in  nearly  every  county  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  my  fruit  giving  general  satisfaction,  as 
many  complimentary  letters  and  increased  sales  in  sections 
where  my  trees  are  bearing  will  show. 

If  you  want  good  fruit,  get  my  trees,  and  you  will  have  it. 

My  stock  consists  of  Apples  in  almost  endless  variety,  all 
the  new  and  rare  varieties  of  Pears.  Peach,  no  better  selec- 
tion can  be  found,  including  the  Lady  Ingold,  the  great  com- 
ing market  variety. 

Plums,  Cherry,  Grapes,  all  the  best  varieties. 

Apricots,  Nectarines,  Quince,  Figs,  Mulberries,  Strawber- 
ries, Gooseberries,  Currants,  Raspberries,  Blackberries,  Aspar- 
agus, Pie  Plant,  Shade  Trees,  Evergreens,  Shrubs,  Roses,  &c. 

Special  inducements  to  large  planters.  Correspondence 
solicited.    Descriptive  catalogue  free. 

J.  VAN  LINDLEY,  Proprietor, 

Salem  Junction,  N.  C 


CIVIL  ENGINEERS  AND  SURVEYORS'  INSTRUMENTS 
AND  OFFICE  SUPPLIES. 


W,  &  L  E,  GURLEY'S 


Instrument  Manufactory. 

1 

|1                         [Established  1845.] 

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Light  Mountain  Transit,  witli  Solar  Attachment. 


Free  Illustrated  Price  List  on  application  to — 

W.  &  L.  E.  GURLEY, 
Instrument  Makers.  Troy,  New  York. 


Mattison  ^  Nurseries 

BST-A-BLiISHBID     1S45. 


Pc.  E.  MATTISON  &  CO.,"] 

LFroprietors.  1 


CfEOWEES,  mPOETEES  AND  DEALEES  IN  ALL  EINDS  OP 

TREES,  PLANTS 1 SEEDS 

SEND  FOR  PRICE  LIST. 


Address    MATTISON  &  CO.,  Jacksonville,  N.  Y. 


P.  S. — We  have  branch  Nurseries  near  New  York  and 
Rochester,  for  the  benefit  of  our  Eastern  and  Western  custo- 
mers, but  all  communications  by  mail  should  be  addressed 
as  above. 


A  KEMEDY  FOR  DORMANT  GRANGES. 


^THE  AMERICAN  N- 

{JMNGE  ^  Bulletin 


Being  the  recognized  National  Journal  of  the  Order,  it  gives  its 
readers  a  weekly  review  of  Grange  doings  in  every  State  and  Ter- 
ritory of  the  Union.  Its  Washington  correspondence  reflects  the 
Order's  influence  at  our  national  capital.  Its  corps  of  Grange 
and  agricultural  writers  are  unexcelled.  It  publishes  official 
correspondence  of  iState  Grange  officers.  Its  market  reports  from 
the  various  business  centers  of  the  country  are  strictly  and  per- 
fectly made  up  for  our  readers,  and  are  certainly  superior  in  ex- 
tent and  correctness  to  those  published  by  any  other  Grange  or 
agricultural  journal. 

These  reports  are  for  farmers,  and  not  made  up  for  ring  man- 
ipulations and  fraud. 

Every  department  of  the  Bulletin  will  be  found  conducted  for 
the  advancement  of  the  financial,  intellectual  and  agricultural  in- 
terests of  the  American  farmer. 

To  the  Patron  Farmer  the  Bulletin  is 
Indispensable. 

An  agent  wanted  in  every  Grange,  to  whom  Premium  Lists, 
Blanks,  etc.,  will  be  promptly  sent. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS: 

One  year $1.50 

One  year,  clubs  of  ten 1.25 

One  year,  clubs  of  twenty 1.00 

Address—  GRANGE  BULLETIN  CO., 

S.  E.  Cor.  6th  and  Elm  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Hunter's  Sifter. 

The  most  popular  kitchen  utensil  ever  in- 
vented.    Millions  of  them  in  daily  use. 

Every  woman  who  ever  used  one  will  rec- 
ommend it. 

For  sale  everywhere  by  dealers. 


Double-Safety  Odorless  Hollow- Ware.  -«^ 

^^,No  burned  hands.  No 
scalded  arms.  No  cloth  need- 
ed. Every  woman  needs  one 
of  these  Kettles. 

No  disagreeable  odors  fill- 

ing  the  house.      No  overflow 

fc^  on  the  stove.  Recommended 
byphysicians.  So  d  by  agents 
Carrying  all  steam  and  dis- 
agreeable odors   from  cook- 
ing down  into  the  fire. 

The  most  COMPLETE  COOKING  UTENSIL  ever  invented. 

HUNTER'S 

Cyclone  Egg-Beater 

Mixer,  Cup,  Cream  Whip- 

per,  and  Egg  Nogg 

Machine. 

"^^Six  most  useful  and 
necessary  articles  known, 
combined  in  and  sold  for 
the  price  of  one.  j^@" Ac- 
knowledged by  everybody 
far  superior  to  any  Egg- 
Beater  hereiofore  offered .,"  ^-^=..=:^--=-^-  ^,/^,  «>>ir«  it 
tbe  public,                            HUNTERS    CYCLONE  EGG  BEATER 

eer-  For  sale  by  dealers,    esg-  Ask  for  them,    ssr-  Take  no  others. 

THE  HUHTER  SIFTER  COOK  BOOK. 

This  is  a  volume  of  285  pages,  beautifully  printed  on  good,  heavy  paper,  ele- 
gantly bound  in  fine  cloth,  and  emtiossed  in  colors.  The  Receipts  are  selected 
with  great  care,  and  tried  by  esperieuced  housekeepers.  It  is  the  peer  of  any 
Cook  Book  published. 

Agents  wanted  all  over  the  United  States  for  these  goods.  They  sell  fast,  and 
pay  good  profits— S3  to  $8  per  day.    Call  or  write  for  circulars. 

THE  HUNTER  SIFTER  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

30  to  40  E.  Fifth  Street,  Cincinnati,  O, 


^The  WHITE  is  Kiag^ 


THE    BEST   PAYING    MACHINE  TO  AGENTS  AND  DEALERS, 
BECAUSE    ALL    THE    PEOPLE    WANT   IT. 


It  is  never  out  of  order,  and  will  last  a  lifetime.  . 

Needles,  Oils  and  parts  for  all  Machines.     Dealers  wanted  m 
unoccupied  territory.     For  prices,  terms,  &c.,  address 

WHITE  SEWING   MACHINE  COMPANY, 
14  No.  4th  St.,        ST.  LOUIS,  iv,0. 


IHMttttIt 


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ONLY  EIGHT-PAGE  EVENING  PAPER 
IN  THE  SOUTH. 


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Latest  Commercial  News. 


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FULL  CORPS  OF  EDITORIAL  AND  LOCAL  WRITERS. 
ONLY  $6  PER  ANNUM. 


Best  Advertising  Medium  in  its  section.    Read  by 
Everybody,  and  recognized  as  the 
People's  Paper. 

Address—  B.  H.  RICHARDSON, 

Editor  and  General  Manager. 


FMILNURSERIES 


.AJiTXi-s- 


^»  VEGETABLE  PLANT  FARM.^^ 


'?^ 


strawberry,  Raspberry,  Blackberry,  Grapes, 

old  and  new,  including  Niagara, 

Meech's  Prolific  Quince,  early  and  abundant 

bearer,  and  unsurpassed  in  quality. 


Apple,  Peach,  Pear  and  Ornamental  Trees  and 

Shrubbery. 

Asparagus,  Sweet  Potato,  Celery  and  Cabbage 

Plants  a  specialty. 


I.  &  J.  L.  LEONARD Proprietors, 

lona,  N.  J.,  W.  J.  R  R., 

Twenty-five  miles  South  of  Philadelphia. 
Circulars  and  Price  List  free  on  application. 


Small  Pox  Marks 


•HiEionsr  &  CO.* 


London,  Perfumers  to  H.  M.  the  Queen,  have  invented  and  patented 
the  world  renowned 

0:BIL.ITE!n.j3LT0I=t, 

which  removes  Small  Pox  Marks  of  however  long  standing.    The  application  is  sim- 
ple and  harmless,  causes  no  inconvenience,  and  contains  nothing  injurious. 
Price,  $8.50. 

SUPERFLUOUS  HAIR.  I'-'°'..''de?.latory" 

Removes  superfluous  Hair  in  a  few  minutes,  without  pain  or  unpleasant  sensation 
—never  to  grow  again.  Simple  and  harmless.  Full  directions  sent  by  mail.  Price, 
One  DoUar?  GEO    W.  SHAW,  General  Agent. 

219  Tremont  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

MERRELL  &  AHTHONY, 

Nurserymen, 

OEnsTEv^ liTE^w  itoi^k:. 

Specialtiis  : — Standard  and  Dwarf  Pear  Trees  and 
Choice  Grape  Vines. 

Also,  a  full  line  of  all  kinds  of  Fruit  Trees,  Small 
Fruits,  Roses  and  Ornamentals. 

^^  Correspondence  solicited. 


(4 


*^  =  !^    ■=:  S 


SiiJtr; 


Subscribe  and  Advertise  in  the 

Wostern  Tobacco  Journal. 


Jp^F*  Sample  copies  free.     Send  for  one. 


EstaTolislied.  1x2.  1S3S. 

FRANKLIN,    TENNESSEE, 
TRUETT  &  CO.,    ....    Proprietors. 

GROWERS  OF  ALL  KINDS  OF 

l^TTJIESEiie-^r   STOCIEZ, 

AT  WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL. 


VSf   Orders  by  Mail  Promptly  Attended  to.  ,jg8 

Huntsville  Wholesale  lurseries, 


HUNTSVILLE,    ALA. 


^^n 


ORIENTAL  FEAB3 
A  SP2CIALT7. 


LeConte  and  Kieffer  Pears  on  their  own 
roots,  and  Bartlett  and  other  Pears  on  Le- 
Conte roots  a  Specialty.    A  large  stock  of 
PEARS,  PLUMS, 

CHERRIES,  PEACHES, 

RUSSIAN  and  other  APRICOTS, 
QUINCES,  APPLES.  T)v.-avf  aud  S'andard, 
PEACHES  on  Plum  Stocks, 
RUSES,  H.  P.'s,  Mosses  aud  Climber?. 
Catalogue  on  application.     Address 

W.  F.  HEIKES,  Manager, 

Huntsville,  Ala. 


A  FIRST-CLASS 

FAMILY 

AND 

BUSINESS 

DAILY 

MORNING 

NEWSPAPER. 

ESTALISHED  1829. 

EIGHT~PAGES, 

Two  Cents. 

sold  by  all 

News  Agents. 

Served  by  Careful  Car- 
riers at  12  Cents  a 
"Week,    Payable 
to  the  Carrier. 

Mail  Subflcriptionsi 
50   CENTS 

A  month. 

$6.00  A  YEAR, 

Including  Postage. 

THE  INQUraER  basalarge  circulation  in  famines  and 
among  capicaliBts  and  business  men  in  Philadelphia  and 
throughout  Pennsylvania  and  the  neighboring  States.  It 
sustains  a  highly  favorable  reputation  as  a  first-class 
Journal,  and  is  a  most  desirable  medium  for  advertisers. 

W.  W.  HARDING,  Publisher, 
304  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


235  2  o  Sia'a^'*;  k.« 


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W.  R.  CHURCH, 


-MANUFACTURER  OF- 


ROAD  CARTS,  CARRIACKS, 

BUGGIES,  PHIETOKS,  Etc,  Etc, 


Our  Road  Carts  Entirely  Overcome  the  Horse  Motion. 

The  "Dexters"  are  the  Easiest  Riding  Buggies  Mad 

],    ILL. 


A  perfect  two-Wheeled  vehicle.  Nurserymen,  farmers  an  J 
men  about  town  who  have  much  driving  to  do  will  find  the  York- 
ville  Road  Cart  invaluable  for  many  reasons,  among  which  are 
that  with  it  the  horse  is  relieved  of  more  than  one-half  the  draft, 
and  the  Cart  is  so  balanced  on  the  axle  as  not  to  throw  weight 
on  the  horse's  back  and  cause  chafing  and  soreness.  No  horse 
motion  is  felt  by  the  driver,  and  an  extended  journey  is  not 
attended  with  as  much  fatigue  in  the  Cart  as  in  a  four-wheeler. 
Space  is  provided  under  the  seat  for  carrying  small  parcels^ 
and  the  cart  is  so  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  busy  man  that 
its  merits  can  be  seen  and  felt  better  than  described.  I  append 
a  few  letters  which  show  how  the  cart  is  looked  upon  by  those 
who  are  using  them. 

Mesquite,  Texas,  July  17,  1885. 
W.  R.  Church,  Yorkville. 

Dear  Sir :— The  cart  is  all  you  claim  for  it.  I  have  never  seen 
anything  of  the  kind  that  equals  it;  in  fact,  it  is  better  than  1 
thought  any  kind  of  a  vehicle  could  be  made  on  two  wheels.  I 
would  not  be  without  mine  for  $250  if  I  could  not  get  another.  I 
have  a  No.  1  buggy  which  I  paid  $250  for,  and  I  would  not  near 
give  the  cart  for  it  for  my  use. 

Should  you  wish  a  certificate  any  time  from  me,  recommend- 
ing it,  I  will  give  it  with  pleasure,  for  it  fills  the  bill  completely. 
Respectfully,  D.  A.  Paschall. 

Mendham,  N.  J.,  July  26,  1885. 
W.  R.  Church,  Yorkville,  111. 

Dear  Sir: — I  am  very  much  pleased  with  the  cart,  and  slui 
recommend  them  and  your  fair  dealing  whenever  I   have  an  op- 
portunity. Yours  respectfully,        G.  S.  DeGROOT. 

French  Lick,  Ind  ,  June  22,  1885. 
W.  R.  Church,  Yorkville,  111. 

Dear  Sir : — The  cart  I  bought  of  you  over  a  year  ago  has  stood 
as  rough  roads  and  as  many  miles  as  I  would  want  any  vehicle  to. 
I  have  not  spent  five  cents  on  it,  except  for  grease.  It  seems  to 
be  self-supporting,  furnishing  its  own  oil  most  of  the  time.  I 
mean  hy  that  that  it  is  neglected,  yet  it  is  not  to  be  outdone. 
Yours,  etc.,  W.  E.  RYAN,  M.  D. 


Thirty-two  page  descriptive  catalogue  sent  free  on  applua- 
tion  to  the  manufacturer. 

W.  R.  CHURCH,  Yorkville,  111, 

Or  the  BRANCH  OFFICE, 

53  S.  Broad  Street.  ATLANTA,  GA. 


THE  POULTRY  MES3EHGER, 

Issued  1st  and  15th  of  Each  Month. 

CHEAPEST  i  BEST  POULTRY  JOURNAL  in  the  WORLD. 

SAMPLE  COPY  5c. 

Address  FOULTRY  MESSENGER, 

CLIFTON  FORGE,  VA. 

SUBSCRIBE  NOW  FOR  THE  COTTON  PLANT, 

The  leading  AgricuUural  Journal  pub  ished  In  the  Southern  States,  and 
should  be  patronized  by  reading  men  of  all  classes. 

It  is  an  eight  puge  forty  column  paper,  and  published  at  the  low  price  of 

The  best  farmers  iu  the  state  and  South  are  contributors  to  its  columns. 
Leading  men  of  all  professions  are  its  supporters.  Endorsed  by  the  Grange. 
SENTD  FOR  SPECIMEN  COPIES. 

Stock  or  Foultry  Breeders  and  Manufactiirers  of  Improved  Agricultural 
Implements  will  find  the  columns  of  The  Cotton  Plant  a  capital  medium 
througb  which  to  reach  the  farmers  of  Soulh  Carolina  and  the  Southebn  States. 
Should  be  taken  by  every  farmer  South.  Address, 

THE    COTTON    PLANT, 

THE  temperance"  WORKERr 

Removed  from  Columbia,  S.  C. 

A  ^  LIVE  ^  TEM  PERANCE  +  PAPER, 

PUBLISHED   SEMI-MONTHLY   IN 

UNDER  THE  EDITORIAL  MANAGEMENT  OF 

I^EV.  HI.   IP.   OS:i^EZTZBE]I?.(3-, 

G.  W.  C.  T.  OF  I.  O.  G.  T.  OF  S.  C. 

ASSISTED  BY  AN  ABLE  CORPS  OF  EDITORS. 

The  patronage  and  Influence  of  all  frien 's  of  Temperance  is  solicited* 
Terms  only  60  cents  a  year  To  advertis^ers  desiring  a  wide  circulation,  it  offers 
an  excellent  medium. 

Ou  business,  address 

N.  G.  OSTEEN,  Publisher. 


T 


^^MEECH'S  PROLIFIC^t^ 

The  most  wondeiful  of  all  new  Fruits.  Will  thrive 
anywhere.    J^ot  a  local  variety. 

Handsome  photograph  of  branch  of  fruit,  and  circu- 
lar giving  description,  directions  in  culture,  method  of 
\  runing,  valuable  receipts,  interesting  articles  from  the 
press,  etc  ,  all  free. 

The  largest  stock  of 

MULBERRY  TREES 

in  America — all  varieties.        Send   for  circular  and  price 
list. 

Hardv  SHADE  TREES,  SHRUBS  and  VINES, 
RARE  PLANTS,  EVERGREENS,  FRUIT  TREES 
and  VINES. 

HANCE  &  BORDEN,  Rumson  Nurseries, 
Redbank,  N.  J.,  and  31  Fulton  St.,  N.  Y. 


Special  Asnounceiaeat. 

To  those  who  buy  gooa  plants 
of  Ro^es,  Carnations,  Gerani- 
ums, Verbenas,  Begonias,  Fuch- 
sias, JiC  Lowest  prices  guaran- 
teed. Jutt  try  a  $2  sample  or- 
der.   It  will  surely  p'.ease  you. 

New  and!  are  Roses.  A  large 
stock  in  fine  condition.  William 
Francis  Bennett,  the  famous 
crimson  hybrid  Tea,  always  in 
bloom.  American  Beautj",  the 
great  American  new  hybrid  Tea. 
The  coming  Rose  extra.  Her 
Majesty,  the  largest  Rose  In  the 
world,  will  be  offered  for  the 
fir^t  time  this  fall. 

We  grow  to  sell,  and  study  to 
please  all,  large  and  small.  Ev- 
ery ordor  packed  in  the  greatest 
of  care,  and  safe  arrival  guaran- 
teed. 

^^  Plants  shipped  to  all  points 

CHAS   T.  6IEBERT, 
The  Restless  and  Sleepless  Florist,  Stanton  Ave.,  E  E,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


Over  30,00C  now  in  use.      Every  Machine  is  warranted 
to  suit,  or  money  refunded. 

Price  of  Mills,  $20  to  $40;  Shelters,  $5. 

Do  not  buy  a  Mill  or  Sheller  until  you  have  seen   our   terms 
and  illustrated  circular.    Address,  with  stamp, 

LIVINGSTON  &  CO., 
Iron  Founders,  Pittsburgh,  Pa^ 


F.    L.    ^^^RIGHT, 

Plainfield,    Michigan, 

HAS  a  large  stock  of  Grape  Vines,  Strawberry,  Raspber.  y,  Blackberry,  Cur^ 
r»nt,  Catal pa,  Chestnut,  Russian  Apricot,  Mulberry,  etc.,  etc.,  vhich  he 
will  sell  at  very  low  prices  in  single,  lOO  or  IOOj  lots.    We  make  a  specialty  of 

Lncretia  Dewberry,  Marlboro  and  Michigan  Early  Raspberries, 
Niagara,  Early  Victor,  Worden,  Moore's  Early. 

Vereennes,  Triumph  and  other  Grapes  ;  Atlantic,  Daniel  Boon,  Parry  and  Mrs. 
GarfleJd  strawberries,  etc., etc. 

"WIL-L    ITOT    BE    UlTIDEI^SOl-i:  r 

Either  retail  or  wholesale,  bv  reliable  parties 

All  stock  packed  securely  and  guaranteed  to  reach  purchaser  in  good  condi- 
tion 

Wealsoedit  the  irortieultiinl  Department  of  the  Western  Ptowman,  and  re- 
ceive subscriptions  and  advi-rtisements  for  the  same     Sample  copy  free. 

ITALIAN  AND  CYPRIAiH  BEES  AND  QUEENS  «or  sa  e  at  all  times,  at  low 
prices.    Stnd  f vr  Catalogues  and  Ti  ade  L,  sts 

F-L.  WRIOHT, 

Plainfield,  Michigan, 
Livingston,  Co. 

CARBOLINEUIVi  AVENftRIOS! 

I  BEG  TO  OFFER    CARBOLINEUM  AVENARIUS, 

AN  ANTISEPTIC    WOOD  PRESERVER, 

in  liquid  form,  which  has  been  used  in  Europe  for  over  lo  years  with  the  greatest 
success  and  satisfaction.  It  penetrates  easily  into  the  wood  and  forces  out  the  water 
contained  in  the  capillary  cells,  while  its  fatty  constituents  do  not  allow  any  tore- 
enter,  and  it  protects  the  timber  against  the  atmospheric  influences.  It  contains 
about  ao  per  cent,  of  antiseptic  bodies,  which  have  the  effect  to  destroy  all  germs 
of  decay  and  fungus,  and  to  prevent  rotting  and  decay  of  the  timber,  at  the  same 
time  killing  the  vermin  and  woodworm,  which  may  be  in  the  timber,  and  prevent* 
their  generating  in  it. 

The  CABBOLINEUM  AVKNARIUS  is  applied  like  paint,  with  a  brush  ;  it 
turns  on  wood  into  a  handsome  nut  brown  stain  ;  it  is  not  inflammable  and  very 
cheap  to  use.  r     u     ,      k  r 

-V  pamphlet  containing  detailed  and  full  instructions  for  the  use  of  the  <  arDoli- 
iieum  jlrenarius  will  be  sent  on  application 

SOHULZE-BERGE  &  KOECHL,  N.  Y.,  Importers. 

''''-''^  R.  Y.  2ACHARY, 

Norfolk,  Vu.,  Sole  Agent  for  the  Southern  biates. 
^B^AIso,  Agent  for  the  Howard  Weatherproof  Paints. 


leconte  nursery. 


All  the  premiums  taken  for  these  fruits  and  trees  at  New  OrI<an<!.     Can't  be  un- 
old      Send  for  Catalogue.  W.   \V.  THOMPSON, 

Sn-.ithviUe,  Ga. 

THE    SOUTSBHIT    "V^OTUJID, 

A  JOURNAL  OF  INDUSTRY  FOR  THE  HO  >'E  AND  VVORKSHOP- 
"Published  on  the  ist  and  15th  of  each  Month,  at  $1  per  annum,  Atlanta,  Ga 
It  is  published  on  the  ist  and  15th  of  each  month,  having  an  average  circulation  of 
15,000  copies.  While  it  has  a  large  circulation  throughout  the  Southern  States,  the 
diffusiveness  of  its  circulation  is  established  by  the  fact  that  it  finds  its  way  itto 
every  State  and  Territory  of  the  United  States,  the  Canadas  and  Europe.  It  is 
printed  on  fine  book  paper  and  handsomely  illustrated,  and  is  presented  in  such 
form  that  it  is  not  only  capable  of  being  preserved,  but  is  worthy  of  it.  These 
two  points — a  diffusive  circulation  and  its  preservation — render  it  unsurpassed  and 
unapproachable  as  an  advertising  medium 

In  Club  :  THE  SOUTHERN  CULTIVATOR  and  THE 

SOUTHERN  WORLD,  one  year,  both  papers,  $1.75. 

Sample  Copies  Free. 

The  Jasper  County  News 

Is  PuWished  every  Thursday  at  Monticello,  Jasper  County, 
Georgia. 


JOHN   C.  KEY,  Editor. 

A.  P.  PENN,  Publisher  and  Proprietor. 


The  News  is  a  wide  awake  local  family  paper  circulating  freely 
among  the  intelligent  farmers  of  Jasper  and  adjoining  coun- 
ties. It  is  read  by  nearly  every  family  in  the  town  as  well  as  the 
surrounding  towns  and  villages. 

Advertisements  inse  ted  at  liberal  rates.  Terms,  $1.00  per  annum, 
in  advance. 


The  Denison  Nurseries,   "r^^i:;:"' 

And  Grow  a  Large  Stock  of 

Japan  Persimmons,   Blackberries,    Peaehe?,   Grapes,   Plums, 

and  liardy  Ornamental  Slirubs  and  Trees, 

Most  successf.il  in  the  Soutb. 

T.  V.  MUN30N,  Proprietor,         DENISON,  TEX. 

p.  0.  Lock  Box  508.       8^~  Catalogue  free. 

Tree  a  rapid  and  uniform  grower.  Fruit  round,  and  a  little  larger  than  the  Wild 
Goose;  a  deep  cardinal  red  when  fully  ripe  ;  stone  small,  and  fruit  of  fine  quality; 
persistent,  and  not  liable  to  be  blown  off  by  winds;  ripens  before  the  Wild  Goose. 
It  grows  from  cuttings  as  readily  as  the  willow,  and  never  sprouts  from  the  root.  This 
fruit  is  said  to  be  entirely  free  from  the  ravages  of  the  curculio  and  other  insects  ; 
•nd  bears  unifrormly  heavy  crops  all  seasons.  Trees  first  offered  Ball  1884.  » 
Ore  dollar  each.     No  scions  or  buds  for  sale  at  any  price. 


ES 


illlHIHI    I        SVIIII.II   nil  .1 

E.  W.  KiRKPATRiCK,  -  Proprietor. 

FRUIT,    EVERGREEN'  AND  SHADE  TREES, 
BLOOMING  SHRUBS  and  PLANTS. 

Located  in  the  famous  Blnck  Land,  ^t  McKinnej^  Texas,  and 
tl>e  rich  Sandy  Loam,  at   Denison,   Texas. 

We  compare  with  the  best,  and  compete  with  all.  We  study 
adaptation  of  soil  and  climate,  and  give  thorough  cultivation  to 
the  best  varieties?,  skillful  labor  and  fair  dealing. 

Instructions  free.  Send  for  catalogue  and  special  rates  on  large 
orders.  We  refer  to  our  patrons,  and  to  the  Collin  County  Na- 
tional Bank,  at  McKinney,  Texas. 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  ADVERTISE,  BE  SURE  YOU  GET  THE 
BEST  PAPER. 

h  f  atckan  d  Souiliroiip 

SUMTER,  S.  C, 
The  Oldest  Paper  and  the  Largest  Circula- 
tion in  this  section  of  the  State. 

The  W'atchm  m  and  Southron  is  composed  of  the  joint  subscription  and  in- 
fluence of  the  Sumter  Watchman  and  the  True  Southron,  the  two  having  been 
consolidated  by  us  in  August,  1881.  These  papers  were  the  oldest  and  most  in- 
fluential in  Sumter,  the  former  having  been  t  stablished  in  1860,  and  the  laiter 
in  1866.  Before  the  consolidation  tliey  were  both  alive  and  active,  and  doing  a 
good  business. 

The  combination  of  the  two  has  given  to  our  sub.scribers  a  first-class  journal, 
and  offers  to  our  advertisi:'g  patrons  a  better  means  of  addressing  the  public 
than  can  be  provided  by  any  other  paper  in  this  sec.ion. 

Subscription  $3  a  year  in  advance.  Contract  advertisers  re- 
quested to  write  for  rates  for  time  and  space  desired. 

WATCHMAN  Sl  SOUTHRON  PUB.  CO., 

SUMTER,  S.  C. '__ 

GREAT  NORTHERN  and  SOUTHERN 

PEA.OH  TREES  suited  to  all  sections.     APPLE  TREES,  extra  long 
keeping  kinds. 

JtlEFFEIi  and  X^eCOlST^^   PEA-K©. 

*3®~A  full  line  of  all  kinds  of  Nursery-Stock,  cheap.  Trees,  Grape 
Vine^,  Small  Fruit,  and  other  Plants  by  mail.  American  and  French  Seedlinsrs 
and  Grafts  put  up  to  order  for  the  trade  in  the  best  manner.  Eighty  page  cat- 
alogue showing  how  and  what  to  plant,  with  much  valuable  information,  free. 
__  RANDOLPH  PETERS,  Wiin  ington,  Del. 

~ iL'SflALTi Fi 1885. 

M.4MM0TH  BLACK  TWIG,  HATCHER'S  SEEDLING,  GILL'S  BEAUTY. 
KOSSUTH  AND  BRIGHTWATER.  Apples  that  will,  in  the  near  future,  occupy 
leading  positions  in  the  list  of  Arkansas  Fruits. 

ANDREW'S  M.\MMOrH,  a  peach  that  will  please  the  eye  as  weli  as  ihe 
palate  of  every  lover  of  the  good  and  the  be  uniful. 

Send  for  circular  and  price  list  of  ge  leral  stock  to 

JOHN  B.  GILL, 

SPRING  DALE,  ARKANSAS?. 


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Would  You  SaYO  Money  ? 

If  so,  send  all  orders  for 

LETTEK  HEADS,  ENVELOPES, 

BILL  HEADS,  STA  CEMENTS, 

EECEIPTS,  CHECKS,  DRAFTS, 
DRUG  LABELS,  BALL  AND 
WEDDING    INVITATIONS, 

CARDS,  ETC.,   ETC.,  TO 

aULLEY  (Si  MORRIS, 

Plain  and  Fancy  Job  Printers, 

FRANKLINTON,  N.  G. 


'Samples  and  Pbices  Furnished  Free  on  Application. 


SATISFACTION  GUARANTEED. 

TREES !  VINES !  PLANTS ! 

The  undersigned  firm  ofiFers  to  the  trade  a  large  and  well-grown  stock  of 
eTcrything  to  be  found  in  a  well  appointed  nursery. 

Having  superior  advantages,  both  as  to  climate  and  soil,  as  well  as  un- 
rivalled facilities  for  shipping  and  packing,  we  are  growing,  and  now  offer  to- 
the  trade,  stock  suited  to  planters  in  every  locality,  both  North  and  South. 

Among  our  new  and  tried  specialties  we  offer  a  large  stock  of  the  celebra- 
ted Meeche's  Prolific  Quince. 

Catalogues  and  circulars  giving  full  informstion  sent  on  application. 

Address  WEST  JERSEY  NURSERY  CO., 

BRIDGETON,  NEW  JERSEY. 

J.  A.  ROSS  &  CO., 

DEALERS  IN 

Fire  Arms  and  Sporting  Goods, 

16  &  17  DOCK  SQUARE, 

BOSTON,       -        Iwfllj^SS. 


THE  JACKSON  NEWS 

Eight  Pages— Forty-Eight   Columns. 

PUBLISHED  AT 

JACKSON,    BUTTS    COUNTY,  Ga. 

INSTRUCTIVE  AND  ENTERTAINING. 

200  Valuable  Presents  Given  Away  Every  Year ! 

SUBSCRIPTION  ONLY  $1.50  A  Year. 

The  Advertiser's  Friend— Circulating  in  Five  Couuti^>9. 
Special  Inducements  to  Advertisers. 

Mice,  Advertisers,  Mice! 

If  you  Avant  to  advertise  in  a  LIVE  COUNTRY 
WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER  send  your  advertisements  to 
the 

Haralson  County  Banner 

The  Banner  is  a  live  seven  column  weekly,  with  a  large 
and  increasing  circulation-all  printed  at  home.     It  cir- 
culates extensively  in  Haralson,  Polk  Paulding  and  Car- 
roll counties,  Ga.,  and  in  Alabama  and  Texas. 
Write  at  once  for  terms.  ,  t>  vi-  u 

Address,  A.  B.  FITTS,  Editor  and  Publisher 

Haralson  Co.  Buchanan,  Ga. 


^  GRAPE  VINES. 


A  Full  Assortment,  New  mud  Old. 


THE  JEFFERSON,  EMPIRE  STATE  AND  OTHER  NEW 
VARIETIES  A  SPECIALTY. 


«®-  Also,  small  Fruit  Plants  at  lowest  living  prices.     Send  for  my  illustrated 
Catalogue,  free  to  all. 


J.  a.  BURRO^W, 

FI"-HKILL,  KEW  YORK. 


c^y? 


]vco3srE"3r  <^^^ 


IN 


OliLOicest  Stro^TTv^Toerries 

•Small  Fruits  Our 


Specialty. 


Raspberries,  Blackberries, 

Grapes,  etc. 


GREEN  HOUSE  AND  BEDDING  PLANTS. 

Illustrated  catalogue  free.  GEO.  L.  MILLER, 

Rldgewood  Nurseries,  Stockton,  Ohio. 

Only  ceveuteen  miles  from  Cincinnati.     Shipping  facilities  excellent. 


LINCOLN  POTTEBY  WOBKS. 

G£:OKGE    IVIORLEY,!, 

Manufacturer  of  WHITE  GRANITE,  DECOKATED 

and  MAJOLICA  WAKE, 

East  Liverpool,    ■- Ohio. 

Quality  of  Wares  equal  to  any,  either  foreign  or  domestic.  Ask  your 
dealer  for  these  Wares,  and  see  that  the  manufacturer's  stamp  is  on 
each  piece. 

In  Fanning,  Stoclt-Breeding,  Houseliold,  and  every 
Uusiueiss;  3loney-31aliiug  Kecipes  :  Staudard  Infor- 
mation on  the  Keeping  and  Breeding  of  Cage  Birds 
and  Pet  Stock;  Valuable  Poultry  Intorniation ; 
Fine  Illustrations,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  is  tlie  contents  of 

THE    GHJir>E    AND    FR,IE]Vr>. 

Only  25  cents  per  year.    Address 

MICHAEL  K.  BOYER  &  CO., 
P.  O.  Box  116,  Reading,  Pa. 

On  receipt  of  twelve  2-cem  stamps  I  will  mail  four  fine  Birth- 
day, Christmas  or  New  Year  Cards,  that  retail  anywhere  at 
10  cents  each.  I  manufacture  cards  and  can  undersell  any 
dealer.     Address  •  JOHN  G.  ZOOK, 

Lititz,  Pa. 

P.  S.— Satisfaction  guaranteed  or  money  refunded.  All 
kinds  of  Fancy  Cards. 

THL  1^  AKMEK  JSEEDlSMAN. 

WHEAT,  OATS,  CORN  and  POTATOES, 

ALL  KINDS  Oh  FARM  SEEDS. 
PLYMOUTH  ROCK  EGGS.    9,000  EGGS  shipped  in  four 
years  for  sitting.    Also,   WYANDOTTES. 
Write  for  what  you  want.     I  must  have  your  trade. 

R.  G.  CRIST, 
Oakland  Seed  Farm,  Nevr  Market,  Ind. 


THE  GREAT  ONTARIO  STRAWBERRY 

Is  the  largest  berry,  strongest  plant,  and  best  flavored  of  all. 
Send  for  description.     Also,  a  large  stock  of  the  standard  and 

for  fall  and  next  spring  planting. 

FRUIT  TREES.— A  general  assortment  of  healthy,  well-grown 
trees.  The  South  should  order  in  the  fall.  Inquiries  promptly 
answered.    Send  for  prices.  R.  JOHNSTON, 

Shortsville,  Ontario  Co., 
New  York. 

ESTABLISHED     1858. 

DAVENPORT  NURSERIES, 

J.  4  O       .A.OZ1.X3S. 

NICHOLS  &  LORTON,  Proprietors- 

APPIiE,  PEAR,  PLUM  and  CHERRY  SEEDLINGS. 

jpB^  Special  low  prices  on  car  load  lots.  Nursery  one  mile 
Northeast  of  East  DaTenport,  Iowa. 

EVERGREEN  AND  DECIDUOUS 

TREES  AND  SEEDLINGS, 

STRA  WBERBIES,  RASPBERRIES, 

CURRANTS,  GRAPE  VINES, 

gJtT'  l3aa.iaa.eri.se    Stg;cfe — O-reat    T7"£iriet37-.  jg(M 
Free  Catalogue.  J.  JENKINS'  NURSERIES, 

Wenona,  Columbiana  Co.,  Oliio. 


F1-0"WBPIS  FOR  EVBI^-S-BOD-X-! 

BE:A.CH[  «fc  CO.,  Kose-GS^rowers 

And  FLORISTS,  901  South  9th  Street,  Richmond,  Indiana,  will  forward 
their  new  and  beautiful  catalogue  of  Roses  and  general  collection  of 
Flowers  and  Ornamental  Stock  to  any  address  upon  receipt  of  stamp. 
Large  Feld-grown,  Ever-blooming  Roses  for  falltplantiug  is  our  specialty 
for  this  season.  A  fuil  line  of  Greenhouse  aud  Garden  Plants  co,.stantly 
on  hand.  We  guarantee  all  goods  sent  by  mail  or  express  to  reach  the 
purchaser  in  good  grooving  condition.  Our  catalogue  is  handsomely  il- 
lustrated and  contains  much  valuable  informaiion.  Send  ud  a  trial 
order. 


"POT-GROWN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS." 

POT-GROWN  STRAWBERRY  PLANTS' 

Planted  in  July  or  August,   uill  produce  a  full  crop  of  berries 

the  following  season.     On  and  after  July  25,  I  shall 

have  a  choice  lot  of 

I*  O  T-G5^  R  O  TTISr    PLANTS       ^ 

of  all  the  leading  sorts.    Price  during  July  and  August,  $3.00 

per  hundred ;  $20.00  per  thousand.     During  September,  $2.00 

per  hundred  ;  $15.00  per  thousand.     No  charge  for  packing. 

Address  D.  C.  WIL.DEY, 

Box  273.  Albany,  N.  Y. 

MT.  ARBOR  NURSBRY. 

SHENANDOAH,  IOWA. 
NEW   VARIETIES   OF    RUSSIAN    FRUIT, 

Including  APPLE,    PEAR.    APRICOT    and   MULBERRY.    Choice 
varieties  of  GRAPES,  RASPBERRIES  and  STRAWBERRIES. 
Special  attention  given  to  the  packing  and  handling  of  all  orders  in- 
trusted to  our  care. 
T.  E.  B.  MASON. 

THE  WILLIAMSON  NURSEBY, 

2VEAK,    FItA.]VK:iL,X]V,    TENN., 

Ofiers  for  sale  a  very  choice  stock  of  Apple,  Peach,  Pear,  Cherry,  Plum  and 
Apricot  Trees.  Also,  Strawberry,  Rasnberry  and  Grape  Vines,  Apple  Seed- 
lings, etc.,  etc.  Two  new  Winter  Apples  and  one  new  and  very  fine  Peach 
nevt-r  before  ofl^red  to  the  public.  We  grow  our  trees,  etc.,  especially  for  the 
retail  trade,  and  guarantee  satisfaction  to  all  who  will  care  for  their  trees. 

Special  inducements  on  large  orders.  Best  of  references  given  to  unknown 
parties  Good  Local  Agents  Wanted.  Catalogues  free.  Correspondence 
solicited.    Address  Wm.  Hy.  SMITH,  Proprietor, 

L,eiper's  Foi-k,  Williamson  Co.,  Tenn. 

LOMPOC    NURSERY  «- 

COR.  O  STREET  and  OLIVE  AVENUE. 
Headquarters  of  tlie 

The  new  California  Seedling  Plants  ready  for  delivery  fall  of 
'86.     Also,   a  general  stock  of    FRUIT,    ORNAMENTAL    TREES, 
etc.  WM.  BiiRKER, 

Lompoc,  Calilornia. 


PALMER'S    MONTHLY, 

KANSAS  CITY,  MISSOURI. 
S.  C.  PALMER,  Editor  and  Publisher. 

SUBSCRIPTION, $100  PER  ANNUM. 

PALMER'S    MONTHLY 

Is  a  large  Sixteen-Page  Monthly  Pap  r,  devoted  to  the 

INTERESTS  OP  NURSERYMEN, 

TREE  AGENTS,  and  KINDRED  AFFAIRS. 

Is  the  only  Paper  of  its  Class  in  America,  and  is 

intended  to  be  a  General  Organ  for 

the  Trade. 

REGULAR  RATES  FOR  1885,  $2.00  PER  INCH. 
"i^.  Special  contracts  for  advertising  will  be  made  to  specialty  ad- 
vertisers.    Sample  copies  mailed  free,  which  musr.  be  seen  to  be  ap- 
preciated. GEO.  P.  ROWELL  &  CO.,  Agents, 

10  Spruce  Street  Not  Y-^rk. 


jomsr  sjijuus 

Catalogues  of  everything  pertaining  to  the 

'PLJJ7T,  SEEO  0(R  NU<RSE(RY  BUSINESS, 

Catalogue  of  New,  Rare  and  Beautiful  Plants,  issued  in  February, 
with  a  colored  plate  free  to  all  customers.  To  others  10  cts.  or  a  plain 
copy  free. 

Catalogue  of  Rosea. — All  the  novelties  as  well  as  standard  sorts,  well- 
grown  Pot  Plants,  cheap. 

Catalogue  of  Orchids.— Cool,  Intermediate  and  Tropical  Orchids.  An 
immense  stock  of  well  established  plants. 

Cata'ogue  of  Seeds. — Seeds  of  the  finest  strain  of  single  Dahlias,  with 
all  novelties  of  value  among  flowers  and  vegetables.  These  seeds  are 
of  the  finest  quality,  fresh,  pure,  grown  by  myself  or  specially  for  me, 
or  my  importations. 

Catalogue  of  Fruits. — All  the  standard  fruits.  Peers,  Apples,  Peaches, 
Plums,  Cherries,  Standard  and  Dwarf,  Grape  Vines,  Small  Fruits,  etc. 

Ornamental  Trees,  Evergreens,  etc.,  of  all  sizes  and  in  great  variety 
for  Parks,  Lawns,  Gardens,  etc.     Finest  quality  and  lowest  prices. 

Catalogues  of  Fruit  Trees,  Roses,  Seeds  and  Orchids  free. 

JOHN  SAUL, 
Washington,  D.  C, 


LARGEST  STOCK  OF  FRUIT  TREES 

IN  NORTH  CAROLINA, 

At  GUILFORD  NURSERIES.  Vandalla  P.  0.,  N.  C.  (near  Greensboro).  Con- 
Bistinp:  in  part  of  the  following  :  Apple,  Peach,  Pears  of  all  the  new  and  old 
varieties.  Plums,  Cherries,  Apricots,  Nectarines.  Quinces.  Almonds  and  the 
Nut-Bearing  Trees  Also,  Ornamental  Trees,  Shrubbery,  Evergreens,  Grape  of 
all  the  old  and  new,  scarce  and  rare  varieties,  a  large  lot  of  Strawberry  of 
twenty  varieties. 

The  proprietor  received  first  premium  on  Apples  and  Peaches  awarded  at  the 
State  Fruit  Fair  in  Greensboro,  N.  C,  August  12  and  13,  1885,  for  the  largest 
and  best  collection  and  finest  display.  Respectfully, 

G.  L,.  ANTHONY. 

THE  WESTP]R]S  TRIBUNE, 

A  FIRST-CLASS  32-COLUMN  WEEKLY  NEWSPAPER  1 

CHAS.  EDWARD  WILSON,  Editor  and  Proprietor. 

SUBSCRIPTION  PRICE:  One  year,  81.50;  six  months,  75c;  three  months, 
50c  in  advance. 

a^"  fulTj  and  reliable  market  reports.  "«I1 

The  Tribune  ia  printed  from  new  type,  on  a  new  and  improved 
Power  Press.     JM^  Advertising  rates  furnished  on  apphcation. 
Address  THE  WESTERN  TEIBUNE, 

A&he\'il]e,  N.  C. 

THE  ceNEcap  E^c^MBi^  ^WK 

PUBLISHED  EVERY  THURSDAY  AT 

EVEROREEN,    (Coneoxilx   Coixnty,)    JLTuA., 

J.  W.  DAVISON,  Editor  and  Publishe.. 

The  Official  Journal  of  Conecuh  county,  and  the  best  Adver- 
tising Medium  in  South  Alabama. 

1^"  TERMS  :     »1.00  PER  ANNXTM,  STRICTLY  IN  ADVANCE.  _j^ 

THE    COTSrCORD    TIMES, 

A  WIDE-AWAKE,  WEEKLY  JOURNAL. 

SHERRTLIL,   BROS.  &  IL.XJI>^WIO,  I»iiT>llsliers. 

Published  in  one  of  the  growing  sections  of  North  Carolina. 

Organ  of  the  North  Carolina  State  Grange. 

E^  A  Fine  Premitun  wIU  be  Given  to  all  New  Subscribers.  _^ 

Terms :  81 .50  a  year  in  advance.    Sample  copy  free.    Address, 

THE  TIMES,  Lock  Box  39, 

CONCOKD,   N.    C. 


••-       E8TA.BriI©HEl>    I860.       -»i 

FRUITLAND   NURSERY, 

THOMAS  J.  WARD,  Proprietor, 

ST.  MARY'S,  VTGO  CO.,  IND.  A  full  assortment  of  Nursery  Stock  always 
for  Bale  In  season,  at  LOWEST  living  rates.  Apple  and  Russian  Mulberry 
Trees  and  Raspberry  Plants  specialties.  Also,  Forest  Tree  Seeds.  Price  lists 
free  to  all  wishing  them. 

I  also  breed  High  Class  Plymouth  Rock  and  Black  Cochin  Fowls.  Chicks, 
and  Eggs  for  hatching,  cheap  in  season.       A  ddress 

THOMAS  J.  WARD, 

St.  Mary's,  Vigo  Co.,  Ind. 

Railroad,  Mercantile  and  Pamphlet  PrintiDg 

^B-  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION.  -^. 

B.  F.  BENNETT,    -    -    -    Atlanta,  Georgia. 

All  kinds  Law  Blanks  for  sale,  U'ed  by  Attorneys,  Clerks  of  Court  and  Jus- 
tices Peace.  Send  for  the  iron-clad  note— waiving  all  exemptions  and  making 
wages  subject  to  garnishment— 50  in  book  for  35  cents. 

Having  the  best  outfit  in  the  city,  I  guarantee  the  best  work  done  here.  Or- 
ders accompanied  with  cash  will  receive  prompt  attention. 

THE  Td&Z^  TVTJ^Tl  TiLLHSZl, 

•a_  A  newspaper  'devoted^to  the'"material  advancement  of  Eastern  Caro- 
lina—democratic In  principle  and  the  people's  friend.  A  splendid  advertising 
medium.  Subscription  priceSl.SO^per  annum  ;  Sl-00  for  six  months,  in  ad- 
vance. George  P.  Hart,  editor'and  proprietor.   The  only  paper  in  Nash  county. 

Address  THE  TALKER,  Rocky  Mount,  N.  C. 

ATTORNEY  and  COUNSEL,OR  AT  I.AW,  Rocky  Mount,  N.  C. 

Practices  in  all  courts,'both'State  and. Federal.    «®"  Collections  a  specialty. 

Apple-grafted  leading  Southern  varieties.  About«20,000.  $5.00  per 
thousand  to  the  trade  ;  $7.50  at  retail.  Peach  Seedlings  a  specialty, 
grown  from  the  best  seedling  trees,  with  no  yellows  or  disease — about 
100,000— $2.50  per  thousand  to  the  trade ;  $3  50  per  thousand  at  retail. 
Best  Peach  Seed  at  50  cents  per  bushel  from  seed  stock  Strawberries, 
leading  sort,  $2.00  per  thousand  to  the  trade.  Raspberries,  Grapes, 
etc.,  etc.,  cheaper  than  the  cheapest.  All  packed  and  labeled  true  to 
and  delivered  at  depot  at  above  prices. 

MJBRRELL  BROTHERS,  Fruitlaud,  N.  C. 


That  every^family  in  the  Southern  States  should  have  is 

TSIE      "'  SOTJTH:L.^3Sri3," 

a  large,  handsome,  8-page,  48-column  paper,  devoted  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  South.    Only  one  dollar  a  year.     Address, 

SOUTHLAND, 
New  Orleans,  La. 

The  inventioD  of  a  Practical  Chemist ;  used  for  all  cleansing 
purposes. 

JFHES  and.  IMtOSQ-CJITOS 

will  not  stay  where  it  is  used.  It  does  not  poison  them  but  drives 
themout-ihey  simply  get  out  and  scay  out.  Pleasant!  HarmLeta' 
Cheap  !    Order  one  bar  and  be  rid  of  all  flies  and  mosquitos 

A  Bonanza  for  ^ye«te.— Agents  make  $a.UO  to  $20.00  per"  day      We 
prepay  all  postage  and  express  charges.     One  bar  by  mad,  15c ;  one 
uozen  bars  by  express,  $1.00 ;  one  gross  bars  by  express,  *6  00     Ad- 
a^ess                                      FLY  SOAP  MANUFAOTUKING  CO., 
703  Preston  St.,  Louisvide,  Ky. 

OLD  RELliyM  BUCKEYE  POULTRY^  YARD. 

C.  HAERIS,  Proprietor, Columbus,  Ohio, 

Breeder,  of  following  varieties-each  a  .specialty :  Wyaadottes.  Plvmouth 
Bocks,  Langshaus,  Butt  and  Partridge  Cocliius,  Light  Brihmms,  Kose-C^bed 
Americau  Uommiques,  Whue-UresieUBlacH  Polish,  White  and  Brown  JUKhorn 
Puuames.     Mammoth  Bronze  Turkeys,  Pekiu  aud  Kouen  IJuck^-^pedilre^ 'i 

Berkshire  Pigs,  jfa.'jo  each,  at  8  weeks  old  ;  Umited  number.  6ead  for  cS 
lar  and  meution  seeing  ad.  in  this  book.  tu-ou- 


TOWi^K    HILL    NUlitSeRIES. 

em'  (FIFTEEN  YEARS  ESTABLISHED.)    ^df 

A  fine  stock  of    APPLE,  PLUM,    PEAR,  PEACH.    ORNA- 
MENTAL TREES.  SHRUBS,  ROSES,  ETC.     SMALL 
FRUITS  A  SPEV.IALTV.    Low  for  cash,   or  exchange 
for  other  stock.    Send  for  circular  and  price  list. 

ARMSTRONG  &  CO., 
JLawrence,  Mass. 


p34- 


